Mercurial > hgrepos > Python > libs > ConfigMix
annotate docs/introduction.rst @ 389:44ef854da70a
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| author | Franz Glasner <fzglas.hg@dom66.de> |
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| date | Wed, 10 Nov 2021 09:37:44 +0100 |
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| 94 | 1 .. -*- coding: utf-8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*- |
| 2 | |
| 3 .. _introduction: | |
| 4 | |
| 5 Introduction | |
| 6 ============ | |
| 7 | |
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8 .. contents:: |
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9 :local: |
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10 |
| 94 | 11 The configurations can be read from different types of files: |
| 12 | |
| 13 - :ref:`YAML files <yaml-files>` | |
| 131 | 14 - :ref:`JSON files <json-files>` |
| 94 | 15 - :ref:`INI files <ini-files>` |
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16 - :ref:`TOML files <toml-files>` |
| 94 | 17 - :ref:`executable Python scripts <executable-python-scripts>` |
| 18 | |
| 19 | |
| 20 .. _yaml-files: | |
| 21 | |
| 22 YAML Files | |
| 23 ---------- | |
| 24 | |
| 200 | 25 Need the :mod:`yaml` package (https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml) |
| 26 (e.g. ``pip install pyyaml``) | |
| 94 | 27 |
| 28 .. note:: All strings are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 29 | |
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30 .. note:: The root object must be a *mapping* and therefore decode |
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31 into a Python :class:`dict` alike. This is checked by the |
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32 implementation. |
| 94 | 33 |
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34 An example is: |
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35 |
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36 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.yml |
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37 :language: yaml |
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38 |
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39 |
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40 .. _json-files: |
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41 |
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42 JSON files |
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43 ---------- |
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44 |
| 131 | 45 Read the JSON file with the help of Python's native :mod:`json` package. |
| 46 | |
| 47 .. note:: All strings are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 48 | |
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49 .. note:: The root object must be an *object* and therefore decode |
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50 into a Python :class:`dict` alike. This is checked by the |
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51 implementation. |
| 131 | 52 |
| 53 An example is: | |
| 54 | |
| 55 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.json | |
| 56 :language: js | |
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57 |
| 145 | 58 For comments in JSON files see section :ref:`comments`. |
| 59 | |
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60 |
| 94 | 61 .. _ini-files: |
| 62 | |
| 63 INI Files | |
| 64 --------- | |
| 65 | |
| 66 Read the file and all sections named in parameter `extract` are flattened | |
| 67 into the resulting dictionary. By default the section named ``config`` is | |
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68 used as root section. |
| 94 | 69 |
| 70 Normally all values are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 71 But values can be annotated and therefore interpreted as other types: | |
| 72 | |
| 73 ``:int:`` | |
| 74 The value is handled in the same way as a Python :class:`int` | |
| 75 literal | |
| 76 | |
| 77 ``:float:`` | |
| 78 The value is interpreted as :class:`float` | |
| 79 | |
| 80 ``:bool:`` | |
| 81 The resulting value is a :class:`bool` where | |
| 82 | |
| 83 ``1``, ``true``, ``yes``, ``on`` | |
| 84 yield a Python ``True`` | |
| 85 | |
| 86 ``0``, ``false``, ``no``, ``off`` | |
| 87 yield a Python ``False`` | |
| 88 | |
| 89 The evaluation is done *case-insensitively*. | |
| 90 | |
| 91 .. note:: All strings are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 92 | |
| 93 .. note:: Contrary to the behaviour of the standard Python :mod:`configparser` | |
| 94 module the INI file reader is *case-sensitive*. | |
| 95 | |
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96 The example INI style configuration below yields an equivalent |
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97 configuration to the YAML configuration above: |
| 94 | 98 |
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99 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.ini |
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100 :language: ini |
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101 |
| 133 | 102 As can be seen in this example -- INI file internal value interpolation |
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103 is done as in Python's standard :mod:`configparser` module. |
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104 |
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105 This example also illustrates how INI sections are used to build a |
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106 tree-ish configuration dictionary. |
| 94 | 107 |
| 108 | |
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109 .. _toml-files: |
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110 |
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111 TOML Files |
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112 ---------- |
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113 |
| 200 | 114 Read the TOML file with the help of the pure Python :mod:`toml` |
| 115 package (https://github.com/uiri/toml) (e.g. ``pip install toml``). | |
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116 |
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117 All TOML features map seamingless to "ConfigMix". |
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118 |
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119 The example TOML style configuration below yields an equivalent |
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120 configuration to the YAML configuration above: |
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121 |
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122 |
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123 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.toml |
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124 :language: ini |
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125 |
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126 |
| 94 | 127 .. _executable-python-scripts: |
| 128 | |
| 129 Executable Python Scripts | |
| 130 ------------------------- | |
| 131 | |
| 132 What will be exported: | |
| 133 | |
| 134 1. If loading is done with the `extract` parameter only the given keys are | |
| 135 extracted from the script. | |
| 136 | |
| 137 2. Otherwise it is checked if the scripts defines an ``__all__`` | |
| 138 sequence. If there is one it's contents are the keys to be | |
| 139 extracted. | |
| 140 | |
| 141 3. If there is no ``__all__`` object all names not starting with an | |
| 142 underscore ``_`` are found. | |
| 143 | |
| 144 This is analogous to as Python modules behave when importing them with | |
| 145 ``from module import *``. | |
| 146 | |
| 147 .. note:: The Python configuration files are evaluated with ``exec`` and not | |
| 148 imported. | |
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149 |
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150 The example configuration by Python script below yields an equivalent |
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151 configuration to the YAML configuration above: |
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152 |
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153 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.py |
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154 :language: python |
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155 |
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156 |
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157 .. _loading-and-merging: |
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158 |
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159 Loading and Merging |
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160 ------------------- |
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161 |
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162 Basic usage of the API is as follows in this example:: |
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163 |
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164 import configmix |
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165 |
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166 # |
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167 # Note: With conf10 merging is rather pointless because the tree |
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168 # files # are really the same configuration. But is doesn't harm |
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169 # also here. |
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170 # |
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171 config = configmix.load("conf10.yml", "conf10.ini", "conf10.py") |
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172 |
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173 # Get a -- possibly interpolated -- configuration variable's value |
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174 value1 = config.getvar_s("key1") |
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175 |
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176 # Get a -- possibly interpolated -- variable from within the tree |
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177 value2 = config.getvar_s("tree1.tree2.key4") |
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178 |
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179 |
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180 By default filenames of the configuration files must have the extensions |
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181 (case-sensitivety depends on your OS): |
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182 |
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183 ``.ini`` |
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184 for INI configuration files |
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185 |
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186 ``.json`` |
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187 for JSON configuration files |
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188 |
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189 ``.py`` |
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190 for Python configuration files |
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191 |
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192 ``.toml`` |
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193 for TOML configuration file |
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194 |
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195 ``.yml`` or ``.yaml`` |
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196 for YAML configuration files |
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197 |
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198 |
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199 .. _getting-values: |
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200 |
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201 Getting configuration variables |
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202 ------------------------------- |
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203 |
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204 Get a -- possibly interpolated -- configuration variable's value with :: |
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205 |
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206 value1 = config.getvar_s("key1") |
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207 value2 = config.getvar_s("key1.subkey2") |
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208 |
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209 or equivalently with :: |
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210 |
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211 value1 = config.getvarl_s("key1") |
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212 value2 = config.getvarl_s("key1", "subkey2") |
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213 |
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214 Get a raw configuration variable's value with :: |
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215 |
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216 value1_raw = config.getvar("key1") |
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217 value2_raw = config.getvarl("key1.subkey2") |
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218 |
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219 or equivalently with :: |
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220 |
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221 value1_raw = config.getvarl("key1") |
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222 value2_raw = config.getvarl("key1", "subkey2") |
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223 |
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224 Because the configuration is not only a plain list of but a tree of |
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225 key-value pairs you will want to fetch a nested configuration value |
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226 using two access basic methods: |
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227 |
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228 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` |
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229 |
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230 Use a single key variable where the invidual level keys are joined |
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231 using a dot (``.``) |
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232 |
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233 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl` and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` |
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234 |
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235 Use just positional Python arguments for each level key |
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236 |
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237 Also there exist variants of the basic access methods that coerce |
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238 returned variables into :py:class:`int` or :py:class:`bool` types |
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239 (:py:meth:`.Configuration.getintvar_s`, |
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240 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getboolvar_s`) |
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241 |
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242 And with :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstvar`, |
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243 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstvar_s`, |
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244 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstintvar_s`, |
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245 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstboolvar_s` and |
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246 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstfloatvar_s` there exist variants that |
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247 accept a *list* of possible variables names and return the first one |
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248 that is found. |
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249 |
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250 And again --- with :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstvarl`, |
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251 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstvarl_s`, |
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252 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstintvarl_s`, |
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253 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstboolvarl_s` and |
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254 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getfirstfloatvarl_s` there exist variants |
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255 that accept a *list* of lists or tuples or dicts that describe |
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256 possible variables names and return the first one that is found. |
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257 |
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258 For example -- these methods for retrieving the first found variables |
| 389 | 259 can be used and are equivalent (Note that a caller that wants to use |
| 260 variables from a non-default namespace must use a sequence of dicts | |
| 261 here):: | |
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262 |
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263 value1 = config.getfirstvar_s("key1.subkey2", "key3.subkey4", default=None, namespace=None) |
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264 value2 = config.getfirstvarl_s(*[["key1", "subkey2"], ["key3", "subkey4"]], default=None) |
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265 value3 = config.getfirstvarl_s(*(("key1", "subkey2"), ("key3", "subkey4")), default=None) |
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266 value4 = config.getfirstvarl_s(*[{"namespace": None, "path": ["key1", "subkey2"]}, {"namespace": None, "path": ("key3", "subkey4")}], default=None) |
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267 |
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268 Looking at the example in chapter :ref:`yaml-files` -- when calling |
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269 ``config.getvar_s("tree1.tree2.key4")`` you will get the value |
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270 ``get this as `tree1.tree2.key4'``. |
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271 |
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272 Alternatively ``config.getvarl_s("tree1", "tree2", "key4")`` can be called |
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273 with the very same result. |
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274 |
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275 All four methods also perform direct :ref:`variable-interpolation` and |
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276 handle :ref:`variable-namespaces` -- yet in different ways. |
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277 Filtering is not supported. |
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278 So -- the variable name arguments of :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` |
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279 and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` are of the form |
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280 ``[namespace:]variable`` where for :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl` |
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281 and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` the namespace is given as |
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282 optional keyword parameter `namespace`. |
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283 |
| 333 | 284 .. note:: Special characters within namespace, key and filter names |
| 285 *must* be quoted (see :ref:`quoting`) when using | |
| 286 :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvar` or | |
| 287 :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvar_s` to retrieve variables. | |
| 288 | |
| 289 With :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvarl` or | |
| 290 :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvarl_s` quoting is neither needed | |
| 291 and not supported. | |
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292 |
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293 .. _merging-deletions: |
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294 |
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295 Deletions |
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296 --------- |
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297 |
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298 By using the special value ``{{::DEL::}}`` the corresponding key-value |
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299 pair is deleted when merging is done. |
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300 |
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301 |
| 145 | 302 .. _comments: |
| 303 | |
| 304 Comments | |
| 305 -------- | |
| 306 | |
| 307 By default all keys beginning with ``__comment`` or ``__doc`` are | |
| 308 filtered out and not given to the application. This allows comments in | |
| 309 JSON files -- but is not restricted to JSON files only. | |
| 310 | |
| 311 For all types of configuration files their respective standard comments | |
| 312 are allowed too. | |
| 313 | |
| 314 | |
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315 .. _variable-namespaces: |
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316 |
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317 Variable Namespaces |
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318 ------------------- |
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319 |
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320 Currently there are 6 namespaces: |
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321 |
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322 1. The unnamed namespace (which is also default). |
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323 |
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324 All the configuration variables are part of this namespace. |
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325 |
| 333 | 326 .. seealso:: :ref:`quoting` |
| 327 | |
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328 2. The namespace ``ref`` to be used for configuration references. |
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329 |
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330 This is a namespace that is handled special within "ConfigMix". |
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331 |
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332 Must be Filters are **not** supported. |
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333 |
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334 3. The namespace ``OS`` |
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335 |
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336 Available functions: |
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337 |
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338 ``cwd`` |
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339 Contains the current working directory of the process |
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340 |
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341 ``node`` |
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342 Contains the current node's computername (or whatever |
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343 :py:func:`platform.node` returns) |
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344 |
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345 4. The namespace ``ENV`` |
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346 |
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347 This namespace contains all the environment variables as they are |
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348 available from :py:data:`os.environ`. |
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349 |
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350 5. The namespace ``PY`` |
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351 |
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352 Contains selected values from the running Python: |
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353 |
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354 ``version`` |
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355 The return value of :py:func:`platform.python_version` |
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356 |
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357 ``version_maj_min`` |
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358 Just the major and minor version of the running Python |
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359 (``.`` separated) |
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360 |
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361 ``version_maj`` |
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362 Just the major version of the running Python |
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363 |
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364 ``implementation`` |
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365 The return value of :py:func:`platform.python_implementation` |
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366 |
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367 6. The namespace ``AWS`` |
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368 |
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369 Contains some metadata for AWS instances when running from within |
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370 AWS: |
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371 |
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372 ``metadata.instance-id`` |
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373 |
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374 ``metadata.placement.region`` |
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375 |
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376 ``metadata.placement.availability-zone`` |
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377 |
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378 ``dynamic.instance-identity.region`` |
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379 and all other properties of the instance-identity document |
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380 (e.g. ``instanceId``, ``instanceType``, ``imageId``, ``pendingTime``, |
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381 ``architecture``, ``availabilityZone``, ``privateIp``, ``version`` |
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382 et al.). |
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383 |
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384 |
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385 Examples |
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386 ~~~~~~~~ |
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387 |
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388 Both :: |
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389 |
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390 config.getvar("OS:cwd") |
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391 |
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392 or :: |
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393 |
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394 config.getvarl("cwd", namespace="OS") |
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395 |
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396 yield the current working directory -- just as :py:func:`os.getcwd` does. |
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397 |
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398 |
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399 .. _variable-interpolation: |
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400 |
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401 Variable Interpolation |
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402 ---------------------- |
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403 |
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404 Configuration variable values that are read with |
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405 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` or :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` |
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406 are subject to variable interpolation. |
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407 The general syntactic pattern for this is:: |
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408 |
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409 {{[namespace:]variable[|filter[|filter...]]}} |
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410 |
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411 I.e.: between double curly braces an optional `namespace` name followed by |
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412 a colon ``:``, the `variable` and then zero or more filters, each one |
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413 introduced by a pipe symbol ``|``. |
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414 |
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415 Variables are expanded *lately* at runtime -- exactly when calling |
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416 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s`, |
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417 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s`, |
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418 :py:meth:`.Configuration.substitute_variables_in_obj` or |
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419 :py:meth:`.Configuration.expand_variable` |
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420 |
| 333 | 421 .. note:: Special characters within namespace, key and filter names |
| 422 *must* be quoted (see :ref:`quoting`) when using variable | |
| 423 interpolation syntax. | |
| 424 | |
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425 |
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426 Filter functions |
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427 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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428 |
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429 Interpolated values can be processed through a series of filter functions:: |
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430 |
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431 {{my.variable|filter1|filter2}} |
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432 |
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433 Available filter functions are: |
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434 |
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435 ``urlquote`` |
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436 |
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347
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437 ``urlquote_plus`` |
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438 |
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439 ``saslprep`` |
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440 |
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441 ``normpath`` |
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442 |
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443 ``abspath`` |
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444 |
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445 ``posixpath`` |
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446 |
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447 ``lower`` |
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448 |
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449 ``upper`` |
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450 |
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451 Also available are special filter functions ``None`` and ``Empty``. |
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452 They are useful in variable interpolation context because they |
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453 suppress possible lookup errors (aka :py:exc:`KeyError`) and instead |
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454 return with :py:obj:`None` or an empty string. |
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455 |
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456 |
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457 Examples |
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458 ~~~~~~~~ |
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459 |
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460 :: |
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461 |
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462 {{OS:cwd|posixpath}} |
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463 |
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464 expands to the current working directory as POSIX path: on Windows all |
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465 backslashes are replaced by forward slashes. |
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466 |
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467 :: |
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468 |
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469 {{ENV:PATH}} |
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470 |
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471 expands to the current search path from the process environment. |
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472 |
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473 :: |
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474 |
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475 {{PY:version}} |
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476 |
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477 expands to the current running Python version (e.g. ``3.6.4``). |
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478 |
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479 :: |
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480 |
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481 {{PY:implementation|upper}} |
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482 |
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483 expands to something like ``CPYTHON`` when using the standard Python |
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484 interpreter written in C. |
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485 |
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486 |
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487 Configuration tree references |
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488 ----------------------------- |
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489 |
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490 With ``{{ref:#my.other.key}}`` |
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491 |
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492 - think of it as a sort of a symbolic link to other parts of the |
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493 configuration tree |
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494 - by employing the special namespace ``ref`` |
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495 - can not be quoted currently in variable interpolation syntax |
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496 - No special handling when merging is done -- merging is agnostic of |
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497 tree references |
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498 - Keys within :meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s`, |
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499 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar`, :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl` |
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500 and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` are handled |
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501 - in :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` only, when it is the directly |
| 333 | 502 referenced value |
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503 - recursive expansion in :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` and |
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504 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s`: |
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505 beware of recursive (direct or indirect) tree references |
| 333 | 506 |
| 507 | |
| 508 .. _quoting: | |
| 509 | |
| 510 Quoting | |
| 511 ------- | |
| 512 | |
| 513 When using :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` and | |
| 514 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` and when retrieving values in the | |
| 515 default namespace the namespace separator ``:`` or the hierarchy | |
| 516 separator ``.`` are characters with a special meaning. When using | |
| 517 :ref:`variable interpolation <variable-interpolation>` the filter | |
| 339 | 518 separator ``|`` is also special. To use them in key names they must be |
| 333 | 519 quoted. |
| 520 | |
| 521 Quoting is done with a variant of the well-known percent-encoding in | |
| 522 URIs (:rfc:`3986`). | |
| 523 | |
| 524 A percent-encoded character consists of the percent character ``%``, | |
| 525 followed by one of the characters ``x``, ``u`` or ``U``, followed by | |
| 526 the two, four or eight hexadecimal digits of the unicode codepoint | |
| 527 value of the character that is to be quoted. ``x`` must be followed by | |
| 528 two hex digits, ``u`` by four and ``U`` by eight. | |
| 529 | |
| 530 Example: | |
| 531 | |
| 532 The character ``.`` with the Unicode (and ASCII) value 46 (hex 0x2e) | |
| 533 can be encoded as ``%x2e`` or ``%u002e`` or ``%U0000002e``. | |
| 534 | |
| 535 .. note:: Filters neeed no quoting -- and quoting within filters is *not* | |
| 536 supported. | |
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537 |
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538 .. note:: Quoting the ``ref`` namespace name does not work currently when |
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539 used in variable interpolation syntax. |
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540 |
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541 |
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542 Custom filename extensions and custom loaders |
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543 --------------------------------------------- |
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544 |
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545 If you want to have custom configuration file extensions and/or custom loaders |
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546 for custom configuration files you have various possibilities: |
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547 |
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548 Associate an additional new extension (e.g. ".conf") with an |
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549 existing configuration file style (e.g. YAML):: |
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550 |
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551 configmix.set_assoc("*.conf", configmix.get_assoc("*.yml")) |
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552 |
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553 Allow only files with extension ".cfg" in INI-style -- using the default |
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554 loader for INI-files:: |
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555 |
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556 configmix.clear_assoc() |
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557 configmix.set_assoc("*.cfg", configmix.get_default_assoc("*.ini")) |
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558 |
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559 Only a new configuration file style:: |
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560 |
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561 def my_custom_loader(filename): |
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562 ... |
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563 return some_dict_alike |
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564 |
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565 configmix.mode_loaders["myconfmode"] = my_custom_loader |
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566 configmix.clear_assoc() |
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567 configmix.set_assoc("*.my.configuration", "myconfmode") |
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568 |
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569 If :py:func:`~configmix.clear_assoc` will not be called then just a *new* |
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570 configuration file style will be installed. |
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571 |
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572 To select the loader not by extension but by an Emacs-compatible mode |
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573 declaration (e.g. ``mode: yaml``) in the first two lines of a file use:: |
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574 |
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575 configmix.set_assoc("*", configmix.try_determine_filemode) |