Mercurial > hgrepos > Python > libs > ConfigMix
annotate docs/introduction.rst @ 347:d7daec119383
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| author | Franz Glasner <fzglas.hg@dom66.de> |
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| date | Thu, 10 Jun 2021 22:02:09 +0200 |
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| 94 | 1 .. -*- coding: utf-8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*- |
| 2 | |
| 3 .. _introduction: | |
| 4 | |
| 5 Introduction | |
| 6 ============ | |
| 7 | |
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8 .. contents:: |
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9 :local: |
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10 |
| 94 | 11 The configurations can be read from different types of files: |
| 12 | |
| 13 - :ref:`YAML files <yaml-files>` | |
| 131 | 14 - :ref:`JSON files <json-files>` |
| 94 | 15 - :ref:`INI files <ini-files>` |
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16 - :ref:`TOML files <toml-files>` |
| 94 | 17 - :ref:`executable Python scripts <executable-python-scripts>` |
| 18 | |
| 19 | |
| 20 .. _yaml-files: | |
| 21 | |
| 22 YAML Files | |
| 23 ---------- | |
| 24 | |
| 200 | 25 Need the :mod:`yaml` package (https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml) |
| 26 (e.g. ``pip install pyyaml``) | |
| 94 | 27 |
| 28 .. note:: All strings are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 29 | |
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30 .. note:: The root object must be a *mapping* and therefore decode |
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31 into a Python :class:`dict` alike. This is checked by the |
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32 implementation. |
| 94 | 33 |
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34 An example is: |
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35 |
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36 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.yml |
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37 :language: yaml |
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38 |
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39 |
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40 .. _json-files: |
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41 |
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42 JSON files |
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43 ---------- |
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44 |
| 131 | 45 Read the JSON file with the help of Python's native :mod:`json` package. |
| 46 | |
| 47 .. note:: All strings are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 48 | |
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49 .. note:: The root object must be an *object* and therefore decode |
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50 into a Python :class:`dict` alike. This is checked by the |
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51 implementation. |
| 131 | 52 |
| 53 An example is: | |
| 54 | |
| 55 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.json | |
| 56 :language: js | |
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57 |
| 145 | 58 For comments in JSON files see section :ref:`comments`. |
| 59 | |
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60 |
| 94 | 61 .. _ini-files: |
| 62 | |
| 63 INI Files | |
| 64 --------- | |
| 65 | |
| 66 Read the file and all sections named in parameter `extract` are flattened | |
| 67 into the resulting dictionary. By default the section named ``config`` is | |
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68 used as root section. |
| 94 | 69 |
| 70 Normally all values are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 71 But values can be annotated and therefore interpreted as other types: | |
| 72 | |
| 73 ``:int:`` | |
| 74 The value is handled in the same way as a Python :class:`int` | |
| 75 literal | |
| 76 | |
| 77 ``:float:`` | |
| 78 The value is interpreted as :class:`float` | |
| 79 | |
| 80 ``:bool:`` | |
| 81 The resulting value is a :class:`bool` where | |
| 82 | |
| 83 ``1``, ``true``, ``yes``, ``on`` | |
| 84 yield a Python ``True`` | |
| 85 | |
| 86 ``0``, ``false``, ``no``, ``off`` | |
| 87 yield a Python ``False`` | |
| 88 | |
| 89 The evaluation is done *case-insensitively*. | |
| 90 | |
| 91 .. note:: All strings are returned as Unicode text strings. | |
| 92 | |
| 93 .. note:: Contrary to the behaviour of the standard Python :mod:`configparser` | |
| 94 module the INI file reader is *case-sensitive*. | |
| 95 | |
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96 The example INI style configuration below yields an equivalent |
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97 configuration to the YAML configuration above: |
| 94 | 98 |
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99 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.ini |
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100 :language: ini |
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101 |
| 133 | 102 As can be seen in this example -- INI file internal value interpolation |
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103 is done as in Python's standard :mod:`configparser` module. |
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104 |
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105 This example also illustrates how INI sections are used to build a |
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106 tree-ish configuration dictionary. |
| 94 | 107 |
| 108 | |
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109 .. _toml-files: |
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110 |
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111 TOML Files |
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112 ---------- |
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113 |
| 200 | 114 Read the TOML file with the help of the pure Python :mod:`toml` |
| 115 package (https://github.com/uiri/toml) (e.g. ``pip install toml``). | |
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116 |
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117 All TOML features map seamingless to "ConfigMix". |
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118 |
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119 The example TOML style configuration below yields an equivalent |
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120 configuration to the YAML configuration above: |
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121 |
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122 |
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123 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.toml |
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124 :language: ini |
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125 |
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126 |
| 94 | 127 .. _executable-python-scripts: |
| 128 | |
| 129 Executable Python Scripts | |
| 130 ------------------------- | |
| 131 | |
| 132 What will be exported: | |
| 133 | |
| 134 1. If loading is done with the `extract` parameter only the given keys are | |
| 135 extracted from the script. | |
| 136 | |
| 137 2. Otherwise it is checked if the scripts defines an ``__all__`` | |
| 138 sequence. If there is one it's contents are the keys to be | |
| 139 extracted. | |
| 140 | |
| 141 3. If there is no ``__all__`` object all names not starting with an | |
| 142 underscore ``_`` are found. | |
| 143 | |
| 144 This is analogous to as Python modules behave when importing them with | |
| 145 ``from module import *``. | |
| 146 | |
| 147 .. note:: The Python configuration files are evaluated with ``exec`` and not | |
| 148 imported. | |
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149 |
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150 The example configuration by Python script below yields an equivalent |
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151 configuration to the YAML configuration above: |
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152 |
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153 .. literalinclude:: ../tests/data/conf10.py |
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154 :language: python |
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155 |
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156 |
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157 .. _loading-and-merging: |
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158 |
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159 Loading and Merging |
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160 ------------------- |
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161 |
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162 Basic usage of the API is as follows in this example:: |
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163 |
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164 import configmix |
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165 |
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166 # |
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167 # Note: With conf10 merging is rather pointless because the tree |
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168 # files # are really the same configuration. But is doesn't harm |
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169 # also here. |
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170 # |
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171 config = configmix.load("conf10.yml", "conf10.ini", "conf10.py") |
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172 |
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173 # Get a -- possibly interpolated -- configuration variable's value |
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174 value1 = config.getvar_s("key1") |
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175 |
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176 # Get a -- possibly interpolated -- variable from within the tree |
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177 value2 = config.getvar_s("tree1.tree2.key4") |
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178 |
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179 |
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180 By default filenames of the configuration files must have the extensions |
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181 (case-sensitivety depends on your OS): |
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182 |
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183 ``.ini`` |
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184 for INI configuration files |
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185 |
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186 ``.json`` |
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187 for JSON configuration files |
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188 |
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189 ``.py`` |
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190 for Python configuration files |
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191 |
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192 ``.toml`` |
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193 for TOML configuration file |
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194 |
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195 ``.yml`` or ``.yaml`` |
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196 for YAML configuration files |
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198 |
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199 .. _getting-values: |
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200 |
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201 Getting configuration variables |
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202 ------------------------------- |
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203 |
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204 Get a -- possibly interpolated -- configuration variable's value with :: |
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205 |
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206 value1 = config.getvar_s("key1") |
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207 value2 = config.getvar_s("key1.subkey2") |
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208 |
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209 or equivalently with :: |
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210 |
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211 value1 = config.getvarl_s("key1") |
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212 value2 = config.getvarl_s("key1", "subkey2") |
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213 |
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214 Get a raw configuration variable's value with :: |
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215 |
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216 value1_raw = config.getvar("key1") |
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217 value2_raw = config.getvarl("key1.subkey2") |
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218 |
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219 or equivalently with :: |
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220 |
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221 value1_raw = config.getvarl("key1") |
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222 value2_raw = config.getvarl("key1", "subkey2") |
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223 |
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224 Because the configuration is not only a plain list of but a tree of |
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225 key-value pairs you will want to fetch a nested configuration value |
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226 using two access methods: |
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227 |
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228 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` |
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229 |
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230 Use a single key variable where the invidual level keys are joined |
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231 using a dot (``.``) |
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232 |
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233 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl` and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` |
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234 |
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235 Use just positional Python arguments for each level key |
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236 |
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237 Looking at the example in chapter :ref:`yaml-files` -- when calling |
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238 ``config.getvar_s("tree1.tree2.key4")`` you will get the value |
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239 ``get this as `tree1.tree2.key4'``. |
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240 |
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241 Alternatively ``config.getvarl_s("tree1", "tree2", "key4")`` can be called |
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242 with the very same result. |
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243 |
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244 All four methods also perform direct :ref:`variable-interpolation` and |
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245 handle :ref:`variable-namespaces` -- yet in different ways. |
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246 Filtering is not supported. |
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247 So -- the variable name arguments of :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` |
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248 and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` are of the form |
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249 ``[namespace:]variable`` where for :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl` |
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250 and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` the namespace is given as |
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251 optional keyword parameter `namespace`. |
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252 |
| 333 | 253 .. note:: Special characters within namespace, key and filter names |
| 254 *must* be quoted (see :ref:`quoting`) when using | |
| 255 :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvar` or | |
| 256 :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvar_s` to retrieve variables. | |
| 257 | |
| 258 With :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvarl` or | |
| 259 :py:meth:`~.Configuration.getvarl_s` quoting is neither needed | |
| 260 and not supported. | |
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261 |
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262 .. _merging-deletions: |
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263 |
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264 Deletions |
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265 --------- |
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266 |
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267 By using the special value ``{{::DEL::}}`` the corresponding key-value |
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268 pair is deleted when merging is done. |
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269 |
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270 |
| 145 | 271 .. _comments: |
| 272 | |
| 273 Comments | |
| 274 -------- | |
| 275 | |
| 276 By default all keys beginning with ``__comment`` or ``__doc`` are | |
| 277 filtered out and not given to the application. This allows comments in | |
| 278 JSON files -- but is not restricted to JSON files only. | |
| 279 | |
| 280 For all types of configuration files their respective standard comments | |
| 281 are allowed too. | |
| 282 | |
| 283 | |
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284 .. _variable-namespaces: |
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285 |
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286 Variable Namespaces |
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287 ------------------- |
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288 |
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289 Currently there are 6 namespaces: |
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290 |
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291 1. The unnamed namespace (which is also default). |
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292 |
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293 All the configuration variables are part of this namespace. |
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294 |
| 333 | 295 .. seealso:: :ref:`quoting` |
| 296 | |
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297 2. The namespace ``ref`` to be used for configuration references. |
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298 |
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299 This is a namespace that is handled special within "ConfigMix". |
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300 |
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301 Must be Filters are **not** supported. |
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302 |
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303 3. The namespace ``OS`` |
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304 |
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305 Available functions: |
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306 |
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307 ``cwd`` |
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308 Contains the current working directory of the process |
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309 |
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310 ``node`` |
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311 Contains the current node's computername (or whatever |
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312 :py:func:`platform.node` returns) |
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313 |
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314 4. The namespace ``ENV`` |
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315 |
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316 This namespace contains all the environment variables as they are |
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317 available from :py:data:`os.environ`. |
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318 |
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319 5. The namespace ``PY`` |
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320 |
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321 Contains selected values from the running Python: |
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322 |
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323 ``version`` |
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324 The return value of :py:func:`platform.python_version` |
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325 |
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326 ``version_maj_min`` |
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327 Just the major and minor version of the running Python |
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328 (``.`` separated) |
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329 |
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330 ``version_maj`` |
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331 Just the major version of the running Python |
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332 |
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333 ``implementation`` |
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334 The return value of :py:func:`platform.python_implementation` |
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335 |
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336 6. The namespace ``AWS`` |
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337 |
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338 Contains some metadata for AWS instances when running from within |
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339 AWS: |
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340 |
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341 ``metadata.instance-id`` |
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342 |
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343 ``metadata.placement.region`` |
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344 |
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345 ``metadata.placement.availability-zone`` |
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346 |
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347 ``dynamic.instance-identity.region`` |
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348 and all other properties of the instance-identity document |
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349 (e.g. ``instanceId``, ``instanceType``, ``imageId``, ``pendingTime``, |
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350 ``architecture``, ``availabilityZone``, ``privateIp``, ``version`` |
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351 et al.). |
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352 |
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353 |
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354 Examples |
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355 ~~~~~~~~ |
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356 |
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357 Both :: |
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358 |
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359 config.getvar("OS:cwd") |
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360 |
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361 or :: |
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362 |
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363 config.getvarl("cwd", namespace="OS") |
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364 |
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365 yield the current working directory -- just as :py:func:`os.getcwd` does. |
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366 |
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367 |
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368 .. _variable-interpolation: |
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369 |
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370 Variable Interpolation |
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371 ---------------------- |
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372 |
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373 Configuration variable values that are read with |
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374 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` or :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` |
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375 are subject to variable interpolation. |
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376 The general syntactic pattern for this is:: |
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377 |
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378 {{[namespace:]variable[|filter[|filter...]]}} |
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379 |
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380 I.e.: between double curly braces an optional `namespace` name followed by |
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381 a colon ``:``, the `variable` and then zero or more filters, each one |
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382 introduced by a pipe symbol ``|``. |
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383 |
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384 Variables are expanded *lately* at runtime -- exactly when calling |
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385 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s`, |
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386 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s`, |
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387 :py:meth:`.Configuration.substitute_variables_in_obj` or |
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388 :py:meth:`.Configuration.expand_variable` |
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389 |
| 333 | 390 .. note:: Special characters within namespace, key and filter names |
| 391 *must* be quoted (see :ref:`quoting`) when using variable | |
| 392 interpolation syntax. | |
| 393 | |
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394 |
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395 Filter functions |
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396 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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397 |
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398 Interpolated values can be processed through a series of filter functions:: |
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399 |
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400 {{my.variable|filter1|filter2}} |
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401 |
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402 Available filter functions are: |
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403 |
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404 ``urlquote`` |
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405 |
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347
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406 ``urlquote_plus`` |
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407 |
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408 ``saslprep`` |
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409 |
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410 ``normpath`` |
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411 |
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412 ``abspath`` |
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413 |
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414 ``posixpath`` |
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415 |
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416 ``lower`` |
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417 |
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418 ``upper`` |
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419 |
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420 |
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421 Examples |
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422 ~~~~~~~~ |
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423 |
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424 :: |
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425 |
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426 {{OS:cwd|posixpath}} |
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427 |
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428 expands to the current working directory as POSIX path: on Windows all |
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429 backslashes are replaced by forward slashes. |
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430 |
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431 :: |
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432 |
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433 {{ENV:PATH}} |
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434 |
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435 expands to the current search path from the process environment. |
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436 |
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437 :: |
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438 |
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439 {{PY:version}} |
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440 |
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441 expands to the current running Python version (e.g. ``3.6.4``). |
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442 |
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443 :: |
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444 |
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445 {{PY:implementation|upper}} |
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446 |
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447 expands to something like ``CPYTHON`` when using the standard Python |
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448 interpreter written in C. |
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449 |
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450 |
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451 Configuration tree references |
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452 ----------------------------- |
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453 |
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454 With ``{{ref:#my.other.key}}`` |
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455 |
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456 - think of it as a sort of a symbolic link to other parts of the |
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457 configuration tree |
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458 - by employing the special namespace ``ref`` |
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459 - can not be quoted currently in variable interpolation syntax |
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460 - No special handling when merging is done -- merging is agnostic of |
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461 tree references |
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462 - Keys within :meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s`, |
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463 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar`, :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl` |
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464 and :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s` are handled |
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465 - in :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` only, when it is the directly |
| 333 | 466 referenced value |
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467 - recursive expansion in :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` and |
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468 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvarl_s`: |
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469 beware of recursive (direct or indirect) tree references |
| 333 | 470 |
| 471 | |
| 472 .. _quoting: | |
| 473 | |
| 474 Quoting | |
| 475 ------- | |
| 476 | |
| 477 When using :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar` and | |
| 478 :py:meth:`.Configuration.getvar_s` and when retrieving values in the | |
| 479 default namespace the namespace separator ``:`` or the hierarchy | |
| 480 separator ``.`` are characters with a special meaning. When using | |
| 481 :ref:`variable interpolation <variable-interpolation>` the filter | |
| 339 | 482 separator ``|`` is also special. To use them in key names they must be |
| 333 | 483 quoted. |
| 484 | |
| 485 Quoting is done with a variant of the well-known percent-encoding in | |
| 486 URIs (:rfc:`3986`). | |
| 487 | |
| 488 A percent-encoded character consists of the percent character ``%``, | |
| 489 followed by one of the characters ``x``, ``u`` or ``U``, followed by | |
| 490 the two, four or eight hexadecimal digits of the unicode codepoint | |
| 491 value of the character that is to be quoted. ``x`` must be followed by | |
| 492 two hex digits, ``u`` by four and ``U`` by eight. | |
| 493 | |
| 494 Example: | |
| 495 | |
| 496 The character ``.`` with the Unicode (and ASCII) value 46 (hex 0x2e) | |
| 497 can be encoded as ``%x2e`` or ``%u002e`` or ``%U0000002e``. | |
| 498 | |
| 499 .. note:: Filters neeed no quoting -- and quoting within filters is *not* | |
| 500 supported. | |
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501 |
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502 .. note:: Quoting the ``ref`` namespace name does not work currently when |
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503 used in variable interpolation syntax. |
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504 |
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505 |
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506 Custom filename extensions and custom loaders |
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507 --------------------------------------------- |
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508 |
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509 If you want to have custom configuration file extensions and/or custom loaders |
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510 for custom configuration files you have various possibilities: |
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511 |
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512 Associate an additional new extension (e.g. ".conf") with an |
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513 existing configuration file style (e.g. YAML):: |
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514 |
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515 configmix.set_assoc("*.conf", configmix.get_assoc("*.yml")) |
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516 |
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517 Allow only files with extension ".cfg" in INI-style -- using the default |
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518 loader for INI-files:: |
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519 |
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520 configmix.clear_assoc() |
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521 configmix.set_assoc("*.cfg", configmix.get_default_assoc("*.ini")) |
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522 |
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523 Only a new configuration file style:: |
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524 |
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525 def my_custom_loader(filename): |
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526 ... |
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527 return some_dict_alike |
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528 |
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529 configmix.mode_loaders["myconfmode"] = my_custom_loader |
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530 configmix.clear_assoc() |
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531 configmix.set_assoc("*.my.configuration", "myconfmode") |
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532 |
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533 If :py:func:`~configmix.clear_assoc` will not be called then just a *new* |
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534 configuration file style will be installed. |
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535 |
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536 To select the loader not by extension but by an Emacs-compatible mode |
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537 declaration (e.g. ``mode: yaml``) in the first two lines of a file use:: |
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538 |
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539 configmix.set_assoc("*", configmix.try_determine_filemode) |