/*====================================================================*
 -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
 -
 -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 -  are met:
 -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 -     provided with the distribution.
 -
 -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
 -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
 -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *====================================================================*/

/*!
 * \file tiffio.c
 * <pre>
 *
 *     TIFFClientOpen() wrappers for FILE*:
 *      static tsize_t    lept_read_proc()
 *      static tsize_t    lept_write_proc()
 *      static toff_t     lept_seek_proc()
 *      static int        lept_close_proc()
 *      static toff_t     lept_size_proc()
 *
 *     Reading tiff:
 *             PIX       *pixReadTiff()             [ special top level ]
 *             PIX       *pixReadStreamTiff()
 *      static PIX       *pixReadFromTiffStream()
 *
 *     Writing tiff:
 *             l_int32    pixWriteTiff()            [ special top level ]
 *             l_int32    pixWriteTiffCustom()      [ special top level ]
 *             l_int32    pixWriteStreamTiff()
 *             l_int32    pixWriteStreamTiffWA()
 *      static l_int32    pixWriteToTiffStream()
 *      static l_int32    writeCustomTiffTags()
 *
 *     Reading and writing multipage tiff
 *             PIX       *pixReadFromMultipageTiff()
 *             PIXA      *pixaReadMultipageTiff()   [ special top level ]
 *             l_int32    pixaWriteMultipageTiff()  [ special top level ]
 *             l_int32    writeMultipageTiff()      [ special top level ]
 *             l_int32    writeMultipageTiffSA()
 *
 *     Information about tiff file
 *             l_int32    fprintTiffInfo()
 *             l_int32    tiffGetCount()
 *             l_int32    getTiffResolution()
 *      static l_int32    getTiffStreamResolution()
 *             l_int32    readHeaderTiff()
 *             l_int32    freadHeaderTiff()
 *             l_int32    readHeaderMemTiff()
 *      static l_int32    tiffReadHeaderTiff()
 *             l_int32    findTiffCompression()
 *      static l_int32    getTiffCompressedFormat()
 *
 *     Extraction of tiff g4 data:
 *             l_int32    extractG4DataFromFile()
 *
 *     Open tiff stream from file stream
 *      static TIFF      *fopenTiff()
 *
 *     Wrapper for TIFFOpen:
 *      static TIFF      *openTiff()
 *
 *     Memory I/O: reading memory --> pix and writing pix --> memory
 *        Ten static low-level memstream functions
 *           static L_MEMSTREAM  *memstreamCreateForRead()
 *           static L_MEMSTREAM  *memstreamCreateForWrite()
 *           static tsize_t       tiffReadCallback()
 *           static tsize_t       tiffWriteCallback()
 *           static toff_t        tiffSeekCallback()
 *           static l_int32       tiffCloseCallback()
 *           static toff_t        tiffSizeCallback()
 *           static l_int32       tiffMapCallback()
 *           static void          tiffUnmapCallback()
 *           static TIFF         *fopenTiffMemstream()
 *
 *           PIX       *pixReadMemTiff();
 *           PIX       *pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff();
 *           PIXA      *pixaReadMemMultipageTiff()    [ special top level ]
 *           l_int32    pixaWriteMemMultipageTiff()   [ special top level ]
 *           l_int32    pixWriteMemTiff();
 *           l_int32    pixWriteMemTiffCustom();
 *
 *  Note 1: To include all necessary functions, use libtiff version 3.7.4
 *          (from 2005) or later.
 *  Note 2: What compression methods in tiff are supported?
 *          * We support most methods that are fully implemented in the
 *            tiff library, such as G3, G4, RLE and LZW.
 *          * The exception is the old-style jpeg tiff format (OJPEG), which
 *            is not supported.
 *          * We support two formats requiring external libraries: ZIP and JPEG
 *            All computers should have the zip library.
 *          * At present we do not support WEBP in tiff, which uses
 *            libwebp and was added in tifflib 4.1.0 in 2019.
 *  Note 3: We set the pad bits to 0 before writing in pixWriteToTiffStream().
 *          Although they don't affect the raster image after decompression,
 *          it is sometimes convenient to use a golden file with a
 *          byte-by-byte check to verify invariance.  The issue came up
 *          on Windows for 2 and 4 bpp images.
 * </pre>
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config_auto.h>
#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */

#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>   /* for isnan */
#include <sys/types.h>
#ifndef _MSC_VER
#include <unistd.h>
#else  /* _MSC_VER */
#include <io.h>
#endif  /* _MSC_VER */
#include <fcntl.h>
#include "allheaders.h"

/* ---------------------------------------------------------*/
#if  HAVE_LIBTIFF && HAVE_LIBJPEG   /* defined in environ.h */
/* ---------------------------------------------------------*/

#include "tiff.h"
#include "tiffio.h"

static const l_int32  DefaultResolution = 300;   /* ppi */
static const l_int32  ManyPagesInTiffFile = 3000;  /* warn if big */

    /* Verified that tiflib makes valid g4 files of this size */
static const l_int32  MaxTiffWidth = 1 << 20;  /* 1M pixels */
static const l_int32  MaxTiffHeight = 1 << 20;  /* 1M pixels */

    /* Check g4 data size */
static const size_t  MaxNumTiffBytes = (1 << 28) - 1;  /* 256 MB */

    /* All functions with TIFF interfaces are static. */
static PIX      *pixReadFromTiffStream(TIFF *tif);
static l_int32   getTiffStreamResolution(TIFF *tif, l_int32 *pxres,
                                         l_int32 *pyres);
static l_int32   tiffReadHeaderTiff(TIFF *tif, l_int32 *pwidth,
                                    l_int32 *pheight, l_int32 *pbps,
                                    l_int32 *pspp, l_int32 *pres,
                                    l_int32 *pcmap, l_int32 *pformat);
static l_int32   writeCustomTiffTags(TIFF *tif, NUMA *natags,
                                     SARRAY *savals, SARRAY  *satypes,
                                     NUMA *nasizes);
static l_int32   pixWriteToTiffStream(TIFF *tif, PIX *pix, l_int32 comptype,
                                      NUMA *natags, SARRAY *savals,
                                      SARRAY *satypes, NUMA *nasizes);
static TIFF     *fopenTiff(FILE *fp, const char *modestring);
static TIFF     *openTiff(const char *filename, const char *modestring);

    /* Static helper for tiff compression type */
static l_int32   getTiffCompressedFormat(l_uint16 tiffcomp);

    /* Static function for memory I/O */
static TIFF     *fopenTiffMemstream(const char *filename, const char *operation,
                                    l_uint8 **pdata, size_t *pdatasize);

    /* This structure defines a transform to be performed on a TIFF image
     * (note that the same transformation can be represented in
     * several different ways using this structure since
     * vflip + hflip + counterclockwise == clockwise). */
struct tiff_transform {
    int vflip;    /* if non-zero, image needs a vertical fip */
    int hflip;    /* if non-zero, image needs a horizontal flip */
    int rotate;   /* -1 -> counterclockwise 90-degree rotation,
                      0 -> no rotation
                      1 -> clockwise 90-degree rotation */
};

    /* This describes the transformations needed for a given orientation
     * tag.  The tag values start at 1, so you need to subtract 1 to get a
     * valid index into this array.  It is only valid when not using
     * TIFFReadRGBAImageOriented(). */
static struct tiff_transform tiff_orientation_transforms[] = {
    {0, 0, 0},
    {0, 1, 0},
    {1, 1, 0},
    {1, 0, 0},
    {0, 1, -1},
    {0, 0, 1},
    {0, 1, 1},
    {0, 0, -1}
};

    /* Same as above, except that test transformations are only valid
     * when using TIFFReadRGBAImageOriented().  Transformations
     * were determined empirically.  See the libtiff mailing list for
     * more discussion: http://www.asmail.be/msg0054683875.html  */
static struct tiff_transform tiff_partial_orientation_transforms[] = {
    {0, 0, 0},
    {0, 0, 0},
    {0, 0, 0},
    {0, 0, 0},
    {0, 1, -1},
    {0, 1, 1},
    {1, 0, 1},
    {0, 1, -1}
};


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *             TIFFClientOpen() wrappers for FILE*                       *
 *             Provided by Jürgen Buchmüller                             *
 *                                                                       *
 *  We previously used TIFFFdOpen(), which used low-level file           *
 *  descriptors.  It had portability issues with Windows, along          *
 *  with other limitations from lack of stream control operations.       *
 *  These callbacks to TIFFClientOpen() avoid the problems.              *
 *                                                                       *
 *  Jürgen made the functions use 64 bit file operations where possible  *
 *  or required, namely for seek and size. On Windows there are specific *
 *  _fseeki64() and _ftelli64() functions.  On unix it is common to look *
 *  for a macro _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE being defined, which makes available *
 *  the off64_t type, and to use fseeko() and ftello() in this case.     *
 *-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static tsize_t
lept_read_proc(thandle_t  cookie,
               tdata_t    buff,
               tsize_t    size)
{
    FILE* fp = (FILE *)cookie;
    tsize_t done;
    if (!buff || !cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    done = fread(buff, 1, size, fp);
    return done;
}

static tsize_t
lept_write_proc(thandle_t  cookie,
                tdata_t    buff,
                tsize_t    size)
{
    FILE* fp = (FILE *)cookie;
    tsize_t done;
    if (!buff || !cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    done = fwrite(buff, 1, size, fp);
    return done;
}

static toff_t
lept_seek_proc(thandle_t  cookie,
               toff_t     offs,
               int        whence)
{
    FILE* fp = (FILE *)cookie;
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    __int64 pos = 0;
    if (!cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    switch (whence) {
    case SEEK_SET:
        pos = 0;
        break;
    case SEEK_CUR:
        pos = ftell(fp);
        break;
    case SEEK_END:
        _fseeki64(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
        pos = _ftelli64(fp);
        break;
    }
    pos = (__int64)(pos + offs);
    _fseeki64(fp, pos, SEEK_SET);
    if (pos == _ftelli64(fp))
        return (tsize_t)pos;
#elif defined(_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE)
    off64_t pos = 0;
    if (!cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    switch (whence) {
    case SEEK_SET:
        pos = 0;
        break;
    case SEEK_CUR:
        pos = ftello(fp);
        break;
    case SEEK_END:
        fseeko(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
        pos = ftello(fp);
        break;
    }
    pos = (off64_t)(pos + offs);
    fseeko(fp, pos, SEEK_SET);
    if (pos == ftello(fp))
        return (tsize_t)pos;
#else
    off_t pos = 0;
    if (!cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    switch (whence) {
    case SEEK_SET:
        pos = 0;
        break;
    case SEEK_CUR:
        pos = ftell(fp);
        break;
    case SEEK_END:
        fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
        pos = ftell(fp);
        break;
    }
    pos = (off_t)(pos + offs);
    fseek(fp, pos, SEEK_SET);
    if (pos == ftell(fp))
        return (tsize_t)pos;
#endif
    return (tsize_t)-1;
}

static int
lept_close_proc(thandle_t  cookie)
{
    FILE* fp = (FILE *)cookie;
    if (!cookie || !fp)
        return 0;
    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
    return 0;
}

static toff_t
lept_size_proc(thandle_t  cookie)
{
    FILE* fp = (FILE *)cookie;
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    __int64 pos;
    __int64 size;
    if (!cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    pos = _ftelli64(fp);
    _fseeki64(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
    size = _ftelli64(fp);
    _fseeki64(fp, pos, SEEK_SET);
#elif defined(_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE)
    off64_t pos;
    off64_t size;
    if (!fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    pos = ftello(fp);
    fseeko(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
    size = ftello(fp);
    fseeko(fp, pos, SEEK_SET);
#else
    off_t pos;
    off_t size;
    if (!cookie || !fp)
        return (tsize_t)-1;
    pos = ftell(fp);
    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
    size = ftell(fp);
    fseek(fp, pos, SEEK_SET);
#endif
    return (toff_t)size;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                      Reading from file                       *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   pixReadTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename
 * \param[in]    n           page number 0 based
 * \return  pix, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This is a version of pixRead(), specialized for tiff
 *          files, that allows specification of the page to be returned
 *      (2) No warning messages on failure, because of how multi-page
 *          TIFF reading works. You are supposed to keep trying until
 *          it stops working.
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixReadTiff(const char  *filename,
            l_int32      n)
{
FILE  *fp;
PIX   *pix;

    if (!filename)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", __func__, NULL);

    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR_1("image file not found",
                                  filename, __func__, NULL);
    pix = pixReadStreamTiff(fp, n);
    fclose(fp);
    return pix;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                     Reading from stream                      *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   pixReadStreamTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp    file stream
 * \param[in]    n     page number: 0 based
 * \return  pix, or NULL on error or if there are no more images in the file
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) No warning messages on failure, because of how multi-page
 *          TIFF reading works. You are supposed to keep trying until
 *          it stops working.
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixReadStreamTiff(FILE    *fp,
                  l_int32  n)
{
PIX   *pix;
TIFF  *tif;

    if (!fp)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("stream not defined", __func__, NULL);

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, "r")) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("tif not opened", __func__, NULL);

    if (TIFFSetDirectory(tif, n) == 0) {
        TIFFCleanup(tif);
        return NULL;
    }
    if ((pix = pixReadFromTiffStream(tif)) == NULL) {
        TIFFCleanup(tif);
        return NULL;
    }
    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixReadFromTiffStream()
 *
 * \param[in]    tif    TIFF handle
 * \return  pix, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) We can read the following images (up to 32 bits/pixel):
 *          1 spp (grayscale): 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 bps
 *          1 spp (colormapped): 1, 2, 4, 8 bps
 *          2 spp (gray+alpha): 8 bps
 *          3 spp (rgb) and 4 spp (rgba): 8 or 16 bps
 *          Note that 16 bps rgb and rgba are converted to 8 bps in the pix.
 *      (2) In particular, we do not support
 *             16 bps for spp == 2
 *              4 bps for spp == 3 or spp == 4.
 *      (3) We only support uint image data.
 *      (4) We do not support tiled format, old-style jpeg encoding,
 *          or webp encoded tiff.
 *      (5) 2 bpp gray+alpha are rasterized as 32 bit/pixel rgba, with
 *          the gray value replicated in r, g and b.
 *      (6) For colormapped images, we support 8 bits/color in the palette.
 *          Tiff colormaps have 16 bits/color, and we reduce them to 8.
 *      (7) Quoting the libtiff documentation at
 *               http://libtiff.maptools.org/libtiff.html
 *          "libtiff provides a high-level interface for reading image data
 *          from a TIFF file. This interface handles the details of data
 *          organization and format for a wide variety of TIFF files;
 *          at least the large majority of those files that one would
 *          normally encounter. Image data is, by default, returned as
 *          ABGR pixels packed into 32-bit words (8 bits per sample).
 *          Rectangular rasters can be read or data can be intercepted
 *          at an intermediate level and packed into memory in a format
 *          more suitable to the application. The library handles all
 *          the details of the format of data stored on disk and,
 *          in most cases, if any colorspace conversions are required:
 *          bilevel to RGB, greyscale to RGB, CMYK to RGB, YCbCr to RGB,
 *          16-bit samples to 8-bit samples, associated/unassociated alpha,
 *          etc."
 * </pre>
 */
static PIX *
pixReadFromTiffStream(TIFF  *tif)
{
char      *text;
l_uint8   *linebuf, *data, *rowptr;
l_uint16   spp, bps, photometry, tiffcomp, orientation, sample_fmt;
l_uint16  *redmap, *greenmap, *bluemap;
l_int32    d, wpl, bpl, comptype, i, j, k, ncolors, rval, gval, bval, aval;
l_int32    xres, yres, tiffbpl, packedbpl, half_size, twothirds_size;
l_uint32   w, h, tiffword, read_oriented;
l_uint32  *line, *ppixel, *tiffdata, *pixdata;
PIX       *pix, *pix1;
PIXCMAP   *cmap;

    if (!tif)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("tif not defined", __func__, NULL);

    read_oriented = 0;

        /* Only accept uint image data:
         *   SAMPLEFORMAT_UINT = 1;
         *   SAMPLEFORMAT_INT = 2;
         *   SAMPLEFORMAT_IEEEFP = 3;
         *   SAMPLEFORMAT_VOID = 4;   */
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLEFORMAT, &sample_fmt);
    if (sample_fmt != SAMPLEFORMAT_UINT) {
        L_ERROR("sample format = %d is not uint\n", __func__, sample_fmt);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* Can't read tiff in tiled format. For what is involved, see, e.g:
         *   https://www.cs.rochester.edu/~nelson/courses/vision/\
         *     resources/tiff/libtiff.html#Tiles
         * A tiled tiff can be converted to a normal (strip) tif:
         *   tiffcp -s <input-tiled-tif> <output-strip-tif>    */
    if (TIFFIsTiled(tif)) {
        L_ERROR("tiled format is not supported\n", __func__);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* Old style jpeg is not supported.  We tried supporting 8 bpp.
         * TIFFReadScanline() fails on this format, so we used RGBA
         * reading, which generates a 4 spp image, and pulled out the
         * red component.  However, there were problems with double-frees
         * in cleanup.  For RGB, tiffbpl is exactly half the size that
         * you would expect for the raster data in a scanline, which
         * is 3 * w.  */
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, &tiffcomp);
    if (tiffcomp == COMPRESSION_OJPEG) {
        L_ERROR("old style jpeg format is not supported\n", __func__);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* webp in tiff is in 4.1.0 and not yet supported in Adobe registry */
#if defined(COMPRESSION_WEBP)
    if (tiffcomp == COMPRESSION_WEBP) {
        L_ERROR("webp in tiff not generally supported yet\n", __func__);
        return NULL;
    }
#endif  /* COMPRESSION_WEBP */

        /* Use default fields for bps and spp */
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, &spp);
    if (bps != 1 && bps != 2 && bps != 4 && bps != 8 && bps != 16) {
        L_ERROR("invalid bps = %d\n", __func__, bps);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (spp == 2 && bps != 8) {
        L_ERROR("for 2 spp, only handle 8 bps; this is %d bps\n",
                __func__, bps);
        return NULL;
    }
    if ((spp == 3 || spp == 4) && bps < 8) {
        L_ERROR("for 3 and 4 spp, only handle 8 and 16 bps; this is %d bps\n",
                __func__, bps);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (spp == 1) {
        d = bps;
    } else if (spp == 2) {  /* gray plus alpha */
        d = 32;  /* will convert to RGBA */
    } else if (spp == 3 || spp == 4) {
        d = 32;
    } else {
        L_ERROR("spp = %d; not in {1,2,3,4}\n", __func__, spp);
        return NULL;
    }

    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, &w);
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, &h);
    if (w > MaxTiffWidth) {
        L_ERROR("width = %d pixels; too large\n", __func__, w);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (h > MaxTiffHeight) {
        L_ERROR("height = %d pixels; too large\n", __func__, h);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* The relation between the size of a byte buffer required to hold
           a raster of image pixels (packedbpl) and the size of the tiff
           buffer (tiffbuf) is either 1:1 or approximately 1.5:1 or 2:1,
           depending on how the data is stored and subsampled.  For security,
           we test this relation between tiffbuf and the image parameters
           w, spp and bps. */
    tiffbpl = TIFFScanlineSize(tif);
    packedbpl = (bps * spp * w + 7) / 8;
    half_size = (L_ABS(2 * tiffbpl - packedbpl) <= 8);
    twothirds_size = (L_ABS(3 * tiffbpl - 2 * packedbpl) <= 8);
#if 0
    if (half_size)
        L_INFO("half_size: packedbpl = %d is approx. twice tiffbpl = %d\n",
               __func__, packedbpl, tiffbpl);
    if (twothirds_size)
        L_INFO("twothirds_size: packedbpl = %d is approx. 1.5 tiffbpl = %d\n",
               __func__, packedbpl, tiffbpl);
    lept_stderr("tiffbpl = %d, packedbpl = %d, bps = %d, spp = %d, w = %d\n",
                tiffbpl, packedbpl, bps, spp, w);
#endif
    if (tiffbpl != packedbpl && !half_size && !twothirds_size) {
        L_ERROR("invalid tiffbpl: tiffbpl = %d, packedbpl = %d, "
                "bps = %d, spp = %d, w = %d\n",
                __func__, tiffbpl, packedbpl, bps, spp, w);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* Use a linebuf that will hold all the pixels generated
           by tiff when reading (decompressing) a scanline. */
    if ((pix = pixCreate(w, h, d)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix not made", __func__, NULL);
    pixSetInputFormat(pix, IFF_TIFF);
    data = (l_uint8 *)pixGetData(pix);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pix);
    bpl = 4 * wpl;
    if (spp == 1) {
        linebuf = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(4 * wpl, sizeof(l_uint8));
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            if (TIFFReadScanline(tif, linebuf, i, 0) < 0) {
                LEPT_FREE(linebuf);
                pixDestroy(&pix);
                L_ERROR("spp = 1, read fail at line %d\n", __func__, i);
                return NULL;
            }
            memcpy(data, linebuf, tiffbpl);
            data += bpl;
        }
        if (bps <= 8)
            pixEndianByteSwap(pix);
        else   /* bps == 16 */
            pixEndianTwoByteSwap(pix);
        LEPT_FREE(linebuf);
    } else if (spp == 2 && bps == 8) {  /* gray plus alpha */
        L_INFO("gray+alpha is not supported; converting to RGBA\n", __func__);
        pixSetSpp(pix, 4);
        linebuf = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(4 * wpl, sizeof(l_uint8));
        pixdata = pixGetData(pix);
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            if (TIFFReadScanline(tif, linebuf, i, 0) < 0) {
                LEPT_FREE(linebuf);
                pixDestroy(&pix);
                L_ERROR("spp = 2, read fail at line %d\n", __func__, i);
                return NULL;
            }
            rowptr = linebuf;
            ppixel = pixdata + i * wpl;
            for (j = k = 0; j < w; j++) {
                    /* Copy gray value into r, g and b */
                SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_RED, rowptr[k]);
                SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_GREEN, rowptr[k]);
                SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_BLUE, rowptr[k++]);
                SET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, L_ALPHA_CHANNEL, rowptr[k++]);
                ppixel++;
            }
        }
        LEPT_FREE(linebuf);
    } else {  /* rgb and rgba */
        if ((tiffdata = (l_uint32 *)LEPT_CALLOC((size_t)w * h,
                                                 sizeof(l_uint32))) == NULL) {
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("calloc fail for tiffdata", __func__, NULL);
        }
            /* TIFFReadRGBAImageOriented() converts to 8 bps */
        if (!TIFFReadRGBAImageOriented(tif, w, h, tiffdata,
                                       ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT, 0)) {
            LEPT_FREE(tiffdata);
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("failed to read tiffdata", __func__, NULL);
        } else {
            read_oriented = 1;
        }

        if (spp == 4) pixSetSpp(pix, 4);
        line = pixGetData(pix);
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++, line += wpl) {
            for (j = 0, ppixel = line; j < w; j++) {
                    /* TIFFGet* are macros */
                tiffword = tiffdata[i * w + j];
                rval = TIFFGetR(tiffword);
                gval = TIFFGetG(tiffword);
                bval = TIFFGetB(tiffword);
                if (spp == 3) {
                    composeRGBPixel(rval, gval, bval, ppixel);
                } else {  /* spp == 4 */
                    aval = TIFFGetA(tiffword);
                    composeRGBAPixel(rval, gval, bval, aval, ppixel);
                }
                ppixel++;
            }
        }
        LEPT_FREE(tiffdata);
    }

    if (getTiffStreamResolution(tif, &xres, &yres) == 0) {
        pixSetXRes(pix, xres);
        pixSetYRes(pix, yres);
    }

        /* Find and save the compression type */
    comptype = getTiffCompressedFormat(tiffcomp);
    pixSetInputFormat(pix, comptype);

    if (TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COLORMAP, &redmap, &greenmap, &bluemap)) {
            /* Save the colormap as a pix cmap.  Because the
             * tiff colormap components are 16 bit unsigned,
             * and go from black (0) to white (0xffff), the
             * the pix cmap takes the most significant byte. */
        if (bps > 8) {
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("colormap size > 256", __func__, NULL);
        }
        if ((cmap = pixcmapCreate(bps)) == NULL) {
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("colormap not made", __func__, NULL);
        }
        ncolors = 1 << bps;
        for (i = 0; i < ncolors; i++)
            pixcmapAddColor(cmap, redmap[i] >> 8, greenmap[i] >> 8,
                            bluemap[i] >> 8);
        if (pixSetColormap(pix, cmap)) {
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid colormap", __func__, NULL);
        }

            /* Remove the colormap for 1 bpp. */
        if (bps == 1) {
            pix1 = pixRemoveColormap(pix, REMOVE_CMAP_BASED_ON_SRC);
            pixDestroy(&pix);
            pix = pix1;
        }
    } else {   /* No colormap: check photometry and invert if necessary */
        if (!TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, &photometry)) {
                /* Guess default photometry setting.  Assume min_is_white
                 * if compressed 1 bpp; min_is_black otherwise. */
            if (tiffcomp == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3 ||
                tiffcomp == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4 ||
                tiffcomp == COMPRESSION_CCITTRLE ||
                tiffcomp == COMPRESSION_CCITTRLEW) {
                photometry = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE;
            } else {
                photometry = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK;
            }
        }
        if ((d == 1 && photometry == PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK) ||
            (d == 8 && photometry == PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE))
            pixInvert(pix, pix);
    }

    if (TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_ORIENTATION, &orientation)) {
        if (orientation >= 1 && orientation <= 8) {
            struct tiff_transform *transform = (read_oriented) ?
                &tiff_partial_orientation_transforms[orientation - 1] :
                &tiff_orientation_transforms[orientation - 1];
            if (transform->vflip) pixFlipTB(pix, pix);
            if (transform->hflip) pixFlipLR(pix, pix);
            if (transform->rotate) {
                PIX *oldpix = pix;
                pix = pixRotate90(oldpix, transform->rotate);
                pixDestroy(&oldpix);
            }
        }
    }

    text = NULL;
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGEDESCRIPTION, &text);
    if (text) pixSetText(pix, text);
    return pix;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Writing to file                        *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename   to write to
 * \param[in]    pix        any depth, colormap will be removed
 * \param[in]    comptype   IFF_TIFF, IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS,
 *                          IFF_TIFF_G3, IFF_TIFF_G4,
 *                          IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, IFF_TIFF_JPEG
 * \param[in]    modestr    "a" or "w"
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) For multipage tiff, write the first pix with mode "w" and
 *          all subsequent pix with mode "a".
 *      (2) For multipage tiff, there is considerable overhead in the
 *          machinery to append an image and add the directory entry,
 *          and the time required for each image increases linearly
 *          with the number of images in the file.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
pixWriteTiff(const char  *filename,
             PIX         *pix,
             l_int32      comptype,
             const char  *modestr)
{
    return pixWriteTiffCustom(filename, pix, comptype, modestr,
                              NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteTiffCustom()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename   to write to
 * \param[in]    pix
 * \param[in]    comptype   IFF_TIFF, IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS,
 *                          IFF_TIFF_G3, IFF_TIFF_G4,
 *                          IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, IFF_TIFF_JPEG
 * \param[in]    modestr    "a" or "w"
 * \param[in]    natags [optional] NUMA of custom tiff tags
 * \param[in]    savals [optional] SARRAY of values
 * \param[in]    satypes [optional] SARRAY of types
 * \param[in]    nasizes [optional] NUMA of sizes
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Usage:
 *      1 This writes a page image to a tiff file, with optional
 *          extra tags defined in tiff.h
 *      2 For multipage tiff, write the first pix with mode "w" and
 *          all subsequent pix with mode "a".
 *      3 For the custom tiff tags:
 *          a The three arrays {natags, savals, satypes} must all be
 *              either NULL or defined and of equal size.
 *          b If they are defined, the tags are an array of integers,
 *              the vals are an array of values in string format, and
 *              the types are an array of types in string format.
 *          c All valid tags are definined in tiff.h.
 *          d The types allowed are the set of strings:
 *                "char*"
 *                "l_uint8*"
 *                "l_uint16"
 *                "l_uint32"
 *                "l_int32"
 *                "l_float64"
 *                "l_uint16-l_uint16" note the dash; use it between the
 *                                    two l_uint16 vals in the val string
 *              Of these, "char*" and "l_uint16" are the most commonly used.
 *          e The last array, nasizes, is also optional.  It is for
 *              tags that take an array of bytes for a value, a number of
 *              elements in the array, and a type that is either "char*"
 *              or "l_uint8*" probably either will work.
 *              Use NULL if there are no such tags.
 *          f VERY IMPORTANT: if there are any tags that require the
 *              extra size value, stored in nasizes, they must be
 *              written first!
 */
l_ok
pixWriteTiffCustom(const char  *filename,
                   PIX         *pix,
                   l_int32      comptype,
                   const char  *modestr,
                   NUMA        *natags,
                   SARRAY      *savals,
                   SARRAY      *satypes,
                   NUMA        *nasizes)
{
l_int32  ret;
TIFF    *tif;

    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", __func__, 1);

    if ((tif = openTiff(filename, modestr)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not opened", __func__, 1);
    ret = pixWriteToTiffStream(tif, pix, comptype, natags, savals,
                               satypes, nasizes);
    TIFFClose(tif);
    return ret;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                       Writing to stream                      *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteStreamTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp       file stream
 * \param[in]    pix
 * \param[in]    comptype IFF_TIFF, IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS,
 *                        IFF_TIFF_G3, IFF_TIFF_G4,
 *                        IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, IFF_TIFF_JPEG
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This writes a single image to a file stream opened for writing.
 *      (2) If the pix has a colormap, it is preserved in the output file.
 *      (3) For images with bpp > 1, this resets the comptype, if
 *          necessary, to write uncompressed data.
 *      (4) G3 and G4 are only defined for 1 bpp.
 *      (5) We only allow PACKBITS for bpp = 1, because for bpp > 1
 *          it typically expands images that are not synthetically generated.
 *      (6) G4 compression is typically about twice as good as G3.
 *          G4 is excellent for binary compression of text/line-art,
 *          but terrible for halftones and dithered patterns.  (In
 *          fact, G4 on halftones can give a file that is larger
 *          than uncompressed!)  If a binary image has dithered
 *          regions, it is usually better to compress with png.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
pixWriteStreamTiff(FILE    *fp,
                   PIX     *pix,
                   l_int32  comptype)
{
    return pixWriteStreamTiffWA(fp, pix, comptype, "w");
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteStreamTiffWA()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp       file stream opened for append or write
 * \param[in]    pix
 * \param[in]    comptype IFF_TIFF, IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS,
 *                        IFF_TIFF_G3, IFF_TIFF_G4,
 *                        IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, IFF_TIFF_JPEG
 * \param[in]    modestr  "w" or "a"
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) See pixWriteStreamTiff()
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
pixWriteStreamTiffWA(FILE        *fp,
                     PIX         *pix,
                     l_int32      comptype,
                     const char  *modestr)
{
TIFF  *tif;

    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", __func__, 1 );
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined", __func__, 1 );
    if (strcmp(modestr, "w") && strcmp(modestr, "a")) {
        L_ERROR("modestr = %s; not 'w' or 'a'\n", __func__, modestr);
        return 1;
    }

    if (pixGetDepth(pix) != 1 && comptype != IFF_TIFF &&
        comptype != IFF_TIFF_LZW && comptype != IFF_TIFF_ZIP &&
        comptype != IFF_TIFF_JPEG) {
        L_WARNING("invalid compression type %d for bpp > 1; using TIFF_ZIP\n",
                  __func__, comptype);
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_ZIP;
    }

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, modestr)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not opened", __func__, 1);

    if (pixWriteToTiffStream(tif, pix, comptype, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)) {
        TIFFCleanup(tif);
        return ERROR_INT("tif write error", __func__, 1);
    }

    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteToTiffStream()
 *
 * \param[in]    tif       data structure, opened to a file
 * \param[in]    pix
 * \param[in]    comptype  IFF_TIFF: for any image; no compression
 *                         IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS: for 1 bpp only
 *                         IFF_TIFF_G4 and IFF_TIFF_G3: for 1 bpp only
 *                         IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP: lossless for any image
 *                         IFF_TIFF_JPEG: lossy 8 bpp gray or rgb
 * \param[in]    natags    [optional] NUMA of custom tiff tags
 * \param[in]    savals    [optional] SARRAY of values
 * \param[in]    satypes   [optional] SARRAY of types
 * \param[in]    nasizes   [optional] NUMA of sizes
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This static function should only be called through higher
 *          level functions in this file; namely, pixWriteTiffCustom(),
 *          pixWriteTiff(), pixWriteStreamTiff(), pixWriteMemTiff()
 *          and pixWriteMemTiffCustom().
 *      (2) We only allow PACKBITS for bpp = 1, because for bpp > 1
 *          it typically expands images that are not synthetically generated.
 *      (3) See pixWriteTiffCustom() for details on how to use
 *          the last four parameters for customized tiff tags.
 *      (4) The only valid pixel depths in leptonica are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
 *          and 32.  However, it is possible, and in some cases desirable,
 *          to write out a tiff file using an rgb pix that has 24 bpp.
 *          This can be created by appending the raster data for a 24 bpp
 *          image (with proper scanline padding) directly to a 24 bpp
 *          pix that was created without a data array.  See note in
 *          pixWriteStreamPng() for an example.
 * </pre>
 */
static l_int32
pixWriteToTiffStream(TIFF    *tif,
                     PIX     *pix,
                     l_int32  comptype,
                     NUMA    *natags,
                     SARRAY  *savals,
                     SARRAY  *satypes,
                     NUMA    *nasizes)
{
l_uint8   *linebuf, *data;
l_uint16   redmap[256], greenmap[256], bluemap[256];
l_int32    w, h, d, spp, i, j, k, wpl, bpl, tiffbpl, ncolors, cmapsize;
l_int32   *rmap, *gmap, *bmap;
l_int32    xres, yres;
l_uint32  *line, *ppixel;
PIX       *pixt;
PIXCMAP   *cmap;
char      *text;

    if (!tif)
        return ERROR_INT("tif stream not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT( "pix not defined", __func__, 1 );

    pixSetPadBits(pix, 0);
    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, &d);
    spp = pixGetSpp(pix);
    xres = pixGetXRes(pix);
    yres = pixGetYRes(pix);
    if (xres == 0) xres = DefaultResolution;
    if (yres == 0) yres = DefaultResolution;

        /* ------------------ Write out the header -------------  */
    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_RESOLUTIONUNIT, (l_uint32)RESUNIT_INCH);
    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION, (l_float64)xres);
    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION, (l_float64)yres);

    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, (l_uint32)w);
    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, (l_uint32)h);
    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_ORIENTATION, ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT);

    if ((text = pixGetText(pix)) != NULL)
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGEDESCRIPTION, text);

    if (d == 1 && !pixGetColormap(pix)) {
            /* If d == 1, preserve the colormap.  Note that when
             * d == 1 pix with colormaps are read, the colormaps
             * are removed.  The only pix in leptonica that have
             * colormaps are made programmatically. */
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE);
    } else if ((d == 32 && spp == 3) || d == 24) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_RGB);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, (l_uint16)3);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE,
                       (l_uint16)8, (l_uint16)8, (l_uint16)8);
    } else if (d == 32 && spp == 4) {
        l_uint16  val[1];
        val[0] = EXTRASAMPLE_ASSOCALPHA;
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_EXTRASAMPLES, (l_uint16)1, &val);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_RGB);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, (l_uint16)4);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE,
                     (l_uint16)8, (l_uint16)8, (l_uint16)8, (l_uint16)8);
    } else if (d == 16) {  /* we only support spp = 1, bps = 16 */
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK);
    } else if ((cmap = pixGetColormap(pix)) == NULL) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK);
    } else {  /* Save colormap in the tiff; not more than 256 colors */
        if (d > 8) {
            L_ERROR("d = %d > 8 with colormap!; reducing to 8\n", __func__, d);
            d = 8;
        }
        pixcmapToArrays(cmap, &rmap, &gmap, &bmap, NULL);
        ncolors = pixcmapGetCount(cmap);
        ncolors = L_MIN(256, ncolors);  /* max 256 */
        cmapsize = 1 << d;
        cmapsize = L_MIN(256, cmapsize);  /* power of 2; max 256 */
        if (ncolors > cmapsize) {
            L_WARNING("too many colors in cmap for tiff; truncating\n",
                      __func__);
            ncolors = cmapsize;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < ncolors; i++) {
            redmap[i] = (rmap[i] << 8) | rmap[i];
            greenmap[i] = (gmap[i] << 8) | gmap[i];
            bluemap[i] = (bmap[i] << 8) | bmap[i];
        }
        for (i = ncolors; i < cmapsize; i++)  /* init, even though not used */
            redmap[i] = greenmap[i] = bluemap[i] = 0;
        LEPT_FREE(rmap);
        LEPT_FREE(gmap);
        LEPT_FREE(bmap);

        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, (l_uint16)1);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, (l_uint16)d);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COLORMAP, redmap, greenmap, bluemap);
    }

    if (d <= 16) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, (l_uint16)d);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, (l_uint16)1);
    }

    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG);
    if (comptype == IFF_TIFF) {  /* no compression */
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_NONE);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_G4) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_G3) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_RLE) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_CCITTRLE);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_PACKBITS);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_LZW) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_LZW);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_ZIP) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE);
    } else if (comptype == IFF_TIFF_JPEG) {
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_JPEG);
    } else {
        L_WARNING("unknown tiff compression; using none\n", __func__);
        TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_NONE);
    }

        /* This is a no-op if arrays are NULL */
    writeCustomTiffTags(tif, natags, savals, satypes, nasizes);

        /* ------------- Write out the image data -------------  */
    tiffbpl = TIFFScanlineSize(tif);
    wpl = pixGetWpl(pix);
    bpl = 4 * wpl;
    if (tiffbpl > bpl)
        lept_stderr("Big trouble: tiffbpl = %d, bpl = %d\n", tiffbpl, bpl);
    if ((linebuf = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, bpl)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("calloc fail for linebuf", __func__, 1);

        /* Use single strip for image */
    TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, h);

    if (d != 24 && d != 32) {
        if (d == 16)
            pixt = pixEndianTwoByteSwapNew(pix);
        else
            pixt = pixEndianByteSwapNew(pix);
        data = (l_uint8 *)pixGetData(pixt);
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++, data += bpl) {
            memcpy(linebuf, data, tiffbpl);
            if (TIFFWriteScanline(tif, linebuf, i, 0) < 0)
                break;
        }
        pixDestroy(&pixt);
    } else if (d == 24) {  /* See note 4 above: special case of 24 bpp rgb */
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            line = pixGetData(pix) + i * wpl;
            if (TIFFWriteScanline(tif, (l_uint8 *)line, i, 0) < 0)
                break;
        }
    } else {  /* 32 bpp rgb or rgba */
        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
            line = pixGetData(pix) + i * wpl;
            for (j = 0, k = 0, ppixel = line; j < w; j++) {
                linebuf[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_RED);
                linebuf[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_GREEN);
                linebuf[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, COLOR_BLUE);
                if (spp == 4)
                    linebuf[k++] = GET_DATA_BYTE(ppixel, L_ALPHA_CHANNEL);
                ppixel++;
            }
            if (TIFFWriteScanline(tif, linebuf, i, 0) < 0)
                break;
        }
    }

/*    TIFFWriteDirectory(tif); */
    LEPT_FREE(linebuf);

    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   writeCustomTiffTags()
 *
 * \param[in]    tif
 * \param[in]    natags   [optional] NUMA of custom tiff tags
 * \param[in]    savals   [optional] SARRAY of values
 * \param[in]    satypes  [optional] SARRAY of types
 * \param[in]    nasizes  [optional] NUMA of sizes
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This static function should be called indirectly through
 *          higher level functions, such as pixWriteTiffCustom(),
 *          which call pixWriteToTiffStream().  See details in
 *          pixWriteTiffCustom() for using the 4 input arrays.
 *      (2) This is a no-op if the first 3 arrays are all NULL.
 *      (3) Otherwise, the first 3 arrays must be defined and all
 *          of equal size.
 *      (4) The fourth array is always optional.
 *      (5) The most commonly used types are "char*" and "u_int16".
 *          See tiff.h for a full listing of the tiff tags.
 *          Note that many of these tags, in particular the bit tags,
 *          are intended to be private, and cannot be set by this function.
 *          Examples are the STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS tags,
 *          which are bit tags that are automatically set in the header,
 *          and can be extracted using tiffdump.
 * </pre>
 */
static l_int32
writeCustomTiffTags(TIFF    *tif,
                    NUMA    *natags,
                    SARRAY  *savals,
                    SARRAY  *satypes,
                    NUMA    *nasizes)
{
char      *sval, *type;
l_int32    i, n, ns, size, tagval, val;
l_float64  dval;
l_uint32   uval, uval2;

    if (!tif)
        return ERROR_INT("tif stream not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!natags && !savals && !satypes)
        return 0;
    if (!natags || !savals || !satypes)
        return ERROR_INT("not all arrays defined", __func__, 1);
    n = numaGetCount(natags);
    if ((sarrayGetCount(savals) != n) || (sarrayGetCount(satypes) != n))
        return ERROR_INT("not all sa the same size", __func__, 1);

        /* The sized arrays (4 args to TIFFSetField) are written first */
    if (nasizes) {
        ns = numaGetCount(nasizes);
        if (ns > n)
            return ERROR_INT("too many 4-arg tag calls", __func__, 1);
        for (i = 0; i < ns; i++) {
            numaGetIValue(natags, i, &tagval);
            sval = sarrayGetString(savals, i, L_NOCOPY);
            type = sarrayGetString(satypes, i, L_NOCOPY);
            numaGetIValue(nasizes, i, &size);
            if (strcmp(type, "char*") && strcmp(type, "l_uint8*"))
                L_WARNING("array type not char* or l_uint8*; ignore\n",
                          __func__);
            TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, size, sval);
        }
    } else {
        ns = 0;
    }

        /* The typical tags (3 args to TIFFSetField) are now written */
    for (i = ns; i < n; i++) {
        numaGetIValue(natags, i, &tagval);
        sval = sarrayGetString(savals, i, L_NOCOPY);
        type = sarrayGetString(satypes, i, L_NOCOPY);
        if (!strcmp(type, "char*") || !strcmp(type, "const char*")) {
            TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, sval);
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "l_uint16")) {
            if (sscanf(sval, "%u", &uval) == 1) {
                TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, (l_uint16)uval);
            } else {
                lept_stderr("val %s not of type %s\n", sval, type);
                return ERROR_INT("custom tag(s) not written", __func__, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "l_uint32")) {
            if (sscanf(sval, "%u", &uval) == 1) {
                TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, uval);
            } else {
                lept_stderr("val %s not of type %s\n", sval, type);
                return ERROR_INT("custom tag(s) not written", __func__, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "l_int32")) {
            if (sscanf(sval, "%d", &val) == 1) {
                TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, val);
            } else {
                lept_stderr("val %s not of type %s\n", sval, type);
                return ERROR_INT("custom tag(s) not written", __func__, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "l_float64")) {
            if (sscanf(sval, "%lf", &dval) == 1) {
                TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, dval);
            } else {
                lept_stderr("val %s not of type %s\n", sval, type);
                return ERROR_INT("custom tag(s) not written", __func__, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "l_uint16-l_uint16")) {
            if (sscanf(sval, "%u-%u", &uval, &uval2) == 2) {
                TIFFSetField(tif, tagval, (l_uint16)uval, (l_uint16)uval2);
            } else {
                lept_stderr("val %s not of type %s\n", sval, type);
                return ERROR_INT("custom tag(s) not written", __func__, 1);
            }
        } else {
            lept_stderr("unknown type %s\n",type);
            return ERROR_INT("unknown type; tag(s) not written", __func__, 1);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *               Reading and writing multipage tiff             *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   pixReadFromMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]      fname     filename
 * \param[in,out]  poffset   set offset to 0 for first image
 * \return  pix, or NULL on error or if previous call returned the last image
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This allows overhead for traversal of a multipage tiff file
 *          to be linear in the number of images.  This will also work
 *          with a singlepage tiff file.
 *      (2) No TIFF internal data structures are exposed to the caller
 *          (thanks to Jeff Breidenbach).
 *      (3) offset is the byte offset of a particular image in a multipage
 *          tiff file. To get the first image in the file, input the
 *          special offset value of 0.
 *      (4) The offset is updated to point to the next image, for a
 *          subsequent call.
 *      (5) On the last image, the offset returned is 0.  Exit the loop
 *          when the returned offset is 0.
 *      (6) For reading a multipage tiff from a memory buffer, see
 *            pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff()
 *      (7) Example usage for reading all the images in the tif file:
 *            size_t offset = 0;
 *            do {
 *                Pix *pix = pixReadFromMultipageTiff(filename, &offset);
 *                // do something with pix
 *            } while (offset != 0);
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixReadFromMultipageTiff(const char  *fname,
                         size_t      *poffset)
{
l_int32  retval;
size_t   offset;
PIX     *pix;
TIFF    *tif;

    if (!fname)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("fname not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (!poffset)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("&offset not defined", __func__, NULL);

    if ((tif = openTiff(fname, "r")) == NULL) {
        L_ERROR("tif open failed for %s\n", __func__, fname);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* Set ptrs in the TIFF to the beginning of the image */
    offset = *poffset;
    retval = (offset == 0) ? TIFFSetDirectory(tif, 0)
                            : TIFFSetSubDirectory(tif, offset);
    if (retval == 0) {
        TIFFClose(tif);
        return NULL;
    }

    if ((pix = pixReadFromTiffStream(tif)) == NULL) {
        TIFFClose(tif);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* Advance to the next image and return the new offset */
    TIFFReadDirectory(tif);
    *poffset = TIFFCurrentDirOffset(tif);
    TIFFClose(tif);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixaReadMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename    input tiff file
 * \return  pixa of page images, or NULL on error
 */
PIXA *
pixaReadMultipageTiff(const char  *filename)
{
l_int32  i, npages;
FILE    *fp;
PIX     *pix;
PIXA    *pixa;
TIFF    *tif;

    if (!filename)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", __func__, NULL);

    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR_1("stream not opened",
                                   filename, __func__, NULL);
    if (fileFormatIsTiff(fp)) {
        tiffGetCount(fp, &npages);
        L_INFO(" Tiff: %d pages\n", __func__, npages);
    } else {
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR_1("file is not tiff",
                                   filename, __func__, NULL);
    }

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, "r")) == NULL)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR_1("tif not opened",
                                   filename, __func__, NULL);

    pixa = pixaCreate(npages);
    pix = NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < npages; i++) {
        if ((pix = pixReadFromTiffStream(tif)) != NULL) {
            pixaAddPix(pixa, pix, L_INSERT);
        } else {
            L_WARNING("pix not read for page %d\n", __func__, i);
        }

            /* Advance to the next directory (i.e., the next image) */
        if (TIFFReadDirectory(tif) == 0)
            break;
    }

    fclose(fp);
    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return pixa;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixaWriteMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    fname      input tiff file
 * \param[in]    pixa       any depth; colormap will be removed
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The tiff directory overhead is O(n^2).  I have not been
 *          able to reduce it to O(n).  The overhead for n = 2000 is
 *          about 1 second.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
pixaWriteMultipageTiff(const char  *fname,
                       PIXA        *pixa)
{
const char  *modestr;
l_int32      i, n;
PIX         *pix1;

    if (!fname)
        return ERROR_INT("fname not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", __func__, 1);

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        modestr = (i == 0) ? "w" : "a";
        pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        if (pixGetDepth(pix1) == 1)
            pixWriteTiff(fname, pix1, IFF_TIFF_G4, modestr);
        else
            pixWriteTiff(fname, pix1, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, modestr);
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
    }

    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   writeMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    dirin   input directory
 * \param[in]    substr  [optional] substring filter on filenames; can be NULL
 * \param[in]    fileout output multipage tiff file
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This writes a set of image files in a directory out
 *          as a multipage tiff file.  The images can be in any
 *          initial file format.
 *      (2) Images with a colormap have the colormap removed before
 *          re-encoding as tiff.
 *      (3) All images are encoded losslessly.  Those with 1 bpp are
 *          encoded 'g4'.  The rest are encoded as 'zip' (flate encoding).
 *          Because it is lossless, this is an expensive method for
 *          saving most rgb images.
 *      (4) The tiff directory overhead is quadratic in the number of
 *          images.  To avoid this for very large numbers of images to be
 *          written, apply the method used in pixaWriteMultipageTiff().
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
writeMultipageTiff(const char  *dirin,
                   const char  *substr,
                   const char  *fileout)
{
SARRAY  *sa;

    if (!dirin)
        return ERROR_INT("dirin not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!fileout)
        return ERROR_INT("fileout not defined", __func__, 1);

        /* Get all filtered and sorted full pathnames. */
    sa = getSortedPathnamesInDirectory(dirin, substr, 0, 0);

        /* Generate the tiff file */
    writeMultipageTiffSA(sa, fileout);
    sarrayDestroy(&sa);
    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   writeMultipageTiffSA()
 *
 * \param[in]    sa       string array of full path names
 * \param[in]    fileout  output ps file
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) See writeMultipageTiff()
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
writeMultipageTiffSA(SARRAY      *sa,
                     const char  *fileout)
{
char        *fname;
const char  *op;
l_int32      i, nfiles, firstfile, format;
PIX         *pix;

    if (!sa)
        return ERROR_INT("sa not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!fileout)
        return ERROR_INT("fileout not defined", __func__, 1);

    nfiles = sarrayGetCount(sa);
    firstfile = TRUE;
    for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++) {
        op = (firstfile) ? "w" : "a";
        fname = sarrayGetString(sa, i, L_NOCOPY);
        findFileFormat(fname, &format);
        if (format == IFF_UNKNOWN) {
            L_INFO("format of %s not known\n", __func__, fname);
            continue;
        }

        if ((pix = pixRead(fname)) == NULL) {
            L_WARNING("pix not made for file: %s\n", __func__, fname);
            continue;
        }
        if (pixGetDepth(pix) == 1)
            pixWriteTiff(fileout, pix, IFF_TIFF_G4, op);
        else
            pixWriteTiff(fileout, pix, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, op);
        firstfile = FALSE;
        pixDestroy(&pix);
    }

    return 0;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                    Print info to stream                      *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   fprintTiffInfo()
 *
 * \param[in]    fpout    stream for output of tag data
 * \param[in]    tiffile  input
 * \return  0 if OK; 1 on error
 */
l_ok
fprintTiffInfo(FILE        *fpout,
               const char  *tiffile)
{
TIFF  *tif;

    if (!tiffile)
        return ERROR_INT("tiffile not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!fpout)
        return ERROR_INT("stream out not defined", __func__, 1);

    if ((tif = openTiff(tiffile, "rb")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not open for read", __func__, 1);

    TIFFPrintDirectory(tif, fpout, 0);
    TIFFClose(tif);

    return 0;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                        Get page count                        *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   tiffGetCount()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp   file stream opened for read
 * \param[out]   pn   number of images
 * \return  0 if OK; 1 on error
 */
l_ok
tiffGetCount(FILE     *fp,
             l_int32  *pn)
{
l_int32  i;
TIFF    *tif;

    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pn)
        return ERROR_INT("&n not defined", __func__, 1);
    *pn = 0;

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, "r")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not open for read", __func__, 1);

    for (i = 1; ; i++) {
        if (TIFFReadDirectory(tif) == 0)
            break;
        if (i == ManyPagesInTiffFile + 1) {
            L_WARNING("big file: more than %d pages\n", __func__,
                      ManyPagesInTiffFile);
        }
    }
    *pn = i;
    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return 0;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   Get resolution from tif                    *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   getTiffResolution()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp            file stream opened for read
 * \param[out]   pxres, pyres  resolution in ppi
 * \return  0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) If neither resolution field is set, this is not an error;
 *          the returned resolution values are 0 (designating 'unknown').
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
getTiffResolution(FILE     *fp,
                  l_int32  *pxres,
                  l_int32  *pyres)
{
TIFF  *tif;

    if (!pxres || !pyres)
        return ERROR_INT("&xres and &yres not both defined", __func__, 1);
    *pxres = *pyres = 0;
    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not opened", __func__, 1);

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, "r")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not open for read", __func__, 1);
    getTiffStreamResolution(tif, pxres, pyres);
    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   getTiffStreamResolution()
 *
 * \param[in]    tif            TIFF handle opened for read
 * \param[out]   pxres, pyres   resolution in ppi
 * \return  0 if OK; 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) If neither resolution field is set, this is not an error;
 *          the returned resolution values are 0 (designating 'unknown').
 * </pre>
 */
static l_int32
getTiffStreamResolution(TIFF     *tif,
                        l_int32  *pxres,
                        l_int32  *pyres)
{
l_uint16   resunit;
l_int32    foundxres, foundyres;
l_float32  fxres, fyres;

    if (!tif)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not opened", __func__, 1);
    if (!pxres || !pyres)
        return ERROR_INT("&xres and &yres not both defined", __func__, 1);
    *pxres = *pyres = 0;

    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_RESOLUTIONUNIT, &resunit);
    foundxres = TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION, &fxres);
    foundyres = TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION, &fyres);
    if (!foundxres && !foundyres) return 1;
    if (isnan(fxres) || isnan(fyres)) return 1;
    if (!foundxres && foundyres)
        fxres = fyres;
    else if (foundxres && !foundyres)
        fyres = fxres;

        /* Avoid overflow into int32; set max fxres and fyres to 5 x 10^8 */
    if (fxres < 0 || fxres > (1L << 29) || fyres < 0 || fyres > (1L << 29))
        return ERROR_INT("fxres and/or fyres values are invalid", __func__, 1);

    if (resunit == RESUNIT_CENTIMETER) {  /* convert to ppi */
        *pxres = (l_int32)(2.54 * fxres + 0.5);
        *pyres = (l_int32)(2.54 * fyres + 0.5);
    } else {
        *pxres = (l_int32)(fxres + 0.5);
        *pyres = (l_int32)(fyres + 0.5);
    }

    return 0;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *              Get some tiff header information                *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   readHeaderTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename
 * \param[in]    n          page image number: 0-based
 * \param[out]   pw         [optional] width
 * \param[out]   ph         [optional] height
 * \param[out]   pbps       [optional] bits per sample -- 1, 2, 4 or 8
 * \param[out]   pspp       [optional] samples per pixel -- 1 or 3
 * \param[out]   pres       [optional] resolution in x dir; NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pcmap      [optional] colormap exists; input NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pformat    [optional] tiff format; input NULL to ignore
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) If there is a colormap, cmap is returned as 1; else 0.
 *      (2) If %n is equal to or greater than the number of images, returns 1.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
readHeaderTiff(const char *filename,
               l_int32     n,
               l_int32    *pw,
               l_int32    *ph,
               l_int32    *pbps,
               l_int32    *pspp,
               l_int32    *pres,
               l_int32    *pcmap,
               l_int32    *pformat)
{
l_int32  ret;
FILE    *fp;

    if (pw) *pw = 0;
    if (ph) *ph = 0;
    if (pbps) *pbps = 0;
    if (pspp) *pspp = 0;
    if (pres) *pres = 0;
    if (pcmap) *pcmap = 0;
    if (pformat) *pformat = 0;
    if (!filename)
        return ERROR_INT("filename not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pbps && !pspp && !pres && !pcmap && !pformat)
        return ERROR_INT("no results requested", __func__, 1);

    if ((fp = fopenReadStream(filename)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT_1("image file not found", filename, __func__, 1);
    ret = freadHeaderTiff(fp, n, pw, ph, pbps, pspp, pres, pcmap, pformat);
    fclose(fp);
    return ret;
}


/*!
 * \brief   freadHeaderTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp       file stream
 * \param[in]    n        page image number: 0-based
 * \param[out]   pw       [optional] width
 * \param[out]   ph       [optional] height
 * \param[out]   pbps     [optional] bits per sample -- 1, 2, 4 or 8
 * \param[out]   pspp     [optional] samples per pixel -- 1 or 3
 * \param[out]   pres     [optional] resolution in x dir; NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pcmap    [optional] colormap exists; input NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pformat  [optional] tiff format; input NULL to ignore
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) If there is a colormap, cmap is returned as 1; else 0.
 *      (2) If %n is equal to or greater than the number of images, returns 1.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
freadHeaderTiff(FILE     *fp,
                l_int32   n,
                l_int32  *pw,
                l_int32  *ph,
                l_int32  *pbps,
                l_int32  *pspp,
                l_int32  *pres,
                l_int32  *pcmap,
                l_int32  *pformat)
{
l_int32  i, ret, format;
TIFF    *tif;

    if (pw) *pw = 0;
    if (ph) *ph = 0;
    if (pbps) *pbps = 0;
    if (pspp) *pspp = 0;
    if (pres) *pres = 0;
    if (pcmap) *pcmap = 0;
    if (pformat) *pformat = 0;
    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (n < 0)
        return ERROR_INT("image index must be >= 0", __func__, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pbps && !pspp && !pres && !pcmap && !pformat)
        return ERROR_INT("no results requested", __func__, 1);

    findFileFormatStream(fp, &format);
    if (!L_FORMAT_IS_TIFF(format))
        return ERROR_INT("file not tiff format", __func__, 1);

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, "r")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not open for read", __func__, 1);

    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (TIFFReadDirectory(tif) == 0)
            return ERROR_INT("image n not found in file", __func__, 1);
    }

    ret = tiffReadHeaderTiff(tif, pw, ph, pbps, pspp, pres, pcmap, pformat);
    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return ret;
}


/*!
 * \brief   readHeaderMemTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    cdata     const; tiff-encoded
 * \param[in]    size      size of data
 * \param[in]    n         page image number: 0-based
 * \param[out]   pw        [optional] width
 * \param[out]   ph        [optional] height
 * \param[out]   pbps      [optional] bits per sample -- 1, 2, 4 or 8
 * \param[out]   pspp      [optional] samples per pixel -- 1 or 3
 * \param[out]   pres      [optional] resolution in x dir; NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pcmap     [optional] colormap exists; input NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pformat   [optional] tiff format; input NULL to ignore
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) Use TIFFClose(); TIFFCleanup() doesn't free internal memstream.
 *      (2) Returns res = 0 if not set in the file.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
readHeaderMemTiff(const l_uint8  *cdata,
                  size_t          size,
                  l_int32         n,
                  l_int32        *pw,
                  l_int32        *ph,
                  l_int32        *pbps,
                  l_int32        *pspp,
                  l_int32        *pres,
                  l_int32        *pcmap,
                  l_int32        *pformat)
{
l_uint8  *data;
l_int32   i, ret;
TIFF     *tif;

    if (pw) *pw = 0;
    if (ph) *ph = 0;
    if (pbps) *pbps = 0;
    if (pspp) *pspp = 0;
    if (pres) *pres = 0;
    if (pcmap) *pcmap = 0;
    if (pformat) *pformat = 0;
    if (!pw && !ph && !pbps && !pspp && !pres && !pcmap && !pformat)
        return ERROR_INT("no results requested", __func__, 1);
    if (!cdata)
        return ERROR_INT("cdata not defined", __func__, 1);

        /* Open a tiff stream to memory */
    data = (l_uint8 *)cdata;  /* we're really not going to change this */
    if ((tif = fopenTiffMemstream("tifferror", "r", &data, &size)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tiff stream not opened", __func__, 1);

    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (TIFFReadDirectory(tif) == 0) {
            TIFFClose(tif);
            return ERROR_INT("image n not found in file", __func__, 1);
        }
    }

    ret = tiffReadHeaderTiff(tif, pw, ph, pbps, pspp, pres, pcmap, pformat);
    TIFFClose(tif);
    return ret;
}


/*!
 * \brief   tiffReadHeaderTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    tif
 * \param[out]   pw        [optional] width
 * \param[out]   ph        [optional] height
 * \param[out]   pbps      [optional] bits per sample -- 1, 2, 4 or 8
 * \param[out]   pspp      [optional] samples per pixel -- 1 or 3
 * \param[out]   pres      [optional] resolution in x dir; NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pcmap     [optional] cmap exists; input NULL to ignore
 * \param[out]   pformat   [optional] tiff format; input NULL to ignore
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
static l_int32
tiffReadHeaderTiff(TIFF     *tif,
                   l_int32  *pw,
                   l_int32  *ph,
                   l_int32  *pbps,
                   l_int32  *pspp,
                   l_int32  *pres,
                   l_int32  *pcmap,
                   l_int32  *pformat)
{
l_uint16   tiffcomp;
l_uint16   bps, spp;
l_uint16  *rmap, *gmap, *bmap;
l_int32    xres, yres;
l_uint32   w, h;

    if (!tif)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not opened", __func__, 1);

    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, &w);
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, &h);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, &spp);
    if (w < 1 || h < 1)
        return ERROR_INT("tif w and h not both > 0", __func__, 1);
    if (bps != 1 && bps != 2 && bps != 4 && bps != 8 && bps != 16)
        return ERROR_INT("bps not in set {1,2,4,8,16}", __func__, 1);
    if (spp != 1 && spp != 2 && spp != 3 && spp != 4)
        return ERROR_INT("spp not in set {1,2,3,4}", __func__, 1);
    if (pw) *pw = w;
    if (ph) *ph = h;
    if (pbps) *pbps = bps;
    if (pspp) *pspp = spp;
    if (pres) {
        if (getTiffStreamResolution(tif, &xres, &yres) == 0)
            *pres = (l_int32)xres;
    }
    if (pcmap) {
        if (TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COLORMAP, &rmap, &gmap, &bmap))
            *pcmap = 1;
    }
    if (pformat) {
        TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, &tiffcomp);
        *pformat = getTiffCompressedFormat(tiffcomp);
    }
    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   findTiffCompression()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp         file stream; must be rewound to BOF
 * \param[out]   pcomptype  compression type
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The returned compression type is that defined in
 *          the enum in imageio.h.  It is not the tiff flag value.
 *      (2) The compression type is initialized to IFF_UNKNOWN.
 *          If it is not one of the specified types, the returned
 *          type is IFF_TIFF, which indicates no compression.
 *      (3) When this function is called, the stream must be at BOF.
 *          If the opened stream is to be used again to read the
 *          file, it must be rewound to BOF after calling this function.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
findTiffCompression(FILE     *fp,
                    l_int32  *pcomptype)
{
l_uint16  tiffcomp;
TIFF     *tif;

    if (!pcomptype)
        return ERROR_INT("&comptype not defined", __func__, 1);
    *pcomptype = IFF_UNKNOWN;  /* init */
    if (!fp)
        return ERROR_INT("stream not defined", __func__, 1);

    if ((tif = fopenTiff(fp, "r")) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tif not opened", __func__, 1);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, &tiffcomp);
    *pcomptype = getTiffCompressedFormat(tiffcomp);
    TIFFCleanup(tif);
    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   getTiffCompressedFormat()
 *
 * \param[in]    tiffcomp    defined in tiff.h
 * \return  compression format defined in imageio.h
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) The input must be the actual tiff compression type
 *          returned by a tiff library call.  It should always be
 *          a valid tiff type.
 *      (2) The return type is defined in the enum in imageio.h.
 * </pre>
 */
static l_int32
getTiffCompressedFormat(l_uint16  tiffcomp)
{
l_int32  comptype;

    switch (tiffcomp)
    {
    case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_G4;
        break;
    case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_G3;
        break;
    case COMPRESSION_CCITTRLE:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_RLE;
        break;
    case COMPRESSION_PACKBITS:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS;
        break;
    case COMPRESSION_LZW:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_LZW;
        break;
    case COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_ZIP;
        break;
    case COMPRESSION_JPEG:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_JPEG;
        break;
    default:
        comptype = IFF_TIFF;
        break;
    }
    return comptype;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                   Extraction of tiff g4 data                 *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   extractG4DataFromFile()
 *
 * \param[in]    filein
 * \param[out]   pdata         binary data of ccitt g4 encoded stream
 * \param[out]   pnbytes       size of binary data
 * \param[out]   pw            [optional] image width
 * \param[out]   ph            [optional] image height
 * \param[out]   pminisblack   [optional] boolean
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 */
l_ok
extractG4DataFromFile(const char  *filein,
                      l_uint8    **pdata,
                      size_t      *pnbytes,
                      l_int32     *pw,
                      l_int32     *ph,
                      l_int32     *pminisblack)
{
l_uint8  *inarray, *data;
l_uint16  minisblack, comptype;  /* accessors require l_uint16 */
l_int32   istiff;
l_uint32  w, h, rowsperstrip;  /* accessors require l_uint32 */
l_uint32  diroff;
size_t    fbytes, nbytes;
FILE     *fpin;
TIFF     *tif;

    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pnbytes)
        return ERROR_INT("&nbytes not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pw && !ph && !pminisblack)
        return ERROR_INT("no output data requested", __func__, 1);
    *pdata = NULL;
    *pnbytes = 0;

    if ((fpin = fopenReadStream(filein)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT_1("stream not opened to file", filein, __func__, 1);
    istiff = fileFormatIsTiff(fpin);
    fclose(fpin);
    if (!istiff)
        return ERROR_INT_1("filein not tiff", filein, __func__, 1);

    if ((inarray = l_binaryRead(filein, &fbytes)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT_1("inarray not made", filein, __func__, 1);

        /* Get metadata about the image */
    if ((tif = openTiff(filein, "rb")) == NULL) {
        LEPT_FREE(inarray);
        return ERROR_INT_1("tif not open for read", filein, __func__, 1);
    }
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, &comptype);
    if (comptype != COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4) {
        LEPT_FREE(inarray);
        TIFFClose(tif);
        return ERROR_INT_1("filein is not g4 compressed", filein, __func__, 1);
    }

    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, &w);
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, &h);
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rowsperstrip);
    if (h != rowsperstrip)
        L_WARNING("more than 1 strip\n", __func__);
        /* From the standard:
             TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC = 0 (false) -->  min value is white.
             TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC = 1 (true) -->  min value is black.
           Most 1 bpp tiffs have the tag value 0 (black is 1),
           because there are fewer black pixels than white pixels,
           so it makes sense to encode runs of black pixels.  */
    TIFFGetField(tif, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, &minisblack);
/*    TIFFPrintDirectory(tif, stderr, 0); */
    TIFFClose(tif);
    if (pw) *pw = (l_int32)w;
    if (ph) *ph = (l_int32)h;
    if (pminisblack) *pminisblack = (l_int32)minisblack;

        /* The header has 8 bytes: the first 2 are the magic number,
         * the next 2 are the version, and the last 4 are the
         * offset to the first directory.  That's what we want here.
         * We have to test the byte order before decoding 4 bytes! */
    if (inarray[0] == 0x4d) {  /* big-endian */
        diroff = (inarray[4] << 24) | (inarray[5] << 16) |
                 (inarray[6] << 8) | inarray[7];
    } else  {   /* inarray[0] == 0x49 :  little-endian */
        diroff = (inarray[7] << 24) | (inarray[6] << 16) |
                 (inarray[5] << 8) | inarray[4];
    }
/*    lept_stderr(" diroff = %d, %x\n", diroff, diroff); */

        /* Extract the ccittg4 encoded data from the tiff file.
         * We skip the 8 byte header and take nbytes of data,
         * up to the beginning of the directory (at diroff)  */
    nbytes = diroff - 8;
    if (nbytes > MaxNumTiffBytes) {
        LEPT_FREE(inarray);
        L_ERROR("requesting %zu bytes > %zu\n", __func__,
                nbytes, MaxNumTiffBytes);
        return 1;
    }
    *pnbytes = nbytes;
    if ((data = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(nbytes, sizeof(l_uint8))) == NULL) {
        LEPT_FREE(inarray);
        return ERROR_INT("data not allocated", __func__, 1);
    }
    *pdata = data;
    memcpy(data, inarray + 8, nbytes);
    LEPT_FREE(inarray);

    return 0;
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *               Open tiff stream from file stream              *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   fopenTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    fp           file stream
 * \param[in]    modestring   "r", "w", ...
 * \return  tiff data structure, opened for a file descriptor
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) Why is this here?  Leffler did not provide a function that
 *          takes a stream and gives a TIFF.  He only gave one that
 *          generates a TIFF starting with a file descriptor.  So we
 *          need to make it here, because it is useful to have functions
 *          that take a stream as input.
 *      (2) We use TIFFClientOpen() together with a set of static wrapper
 *          functions which map TIFF read, write, seek, close and size.
 *          to functions expecting a cookie of type stream (i.e. FILE *).
 *          This implementation was contributed by Jürgen Buchmüller.
 * </pre>
 */
static TIFF *
fopenTiff(FILE        *fp,
          const char  *modestring)
{
    if (!fp)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("stream not opened", __func__, NULL);
    if (!modestring)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("modestring not defined", __func__, NULL);

    TIFFSetWarningHandler(NULL);  /* disable warnings */
    TIFFSetErrorHandler(NULL);  /* disable error messages */

    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
    return TIFFClientOpen("TIFFstream", modestring, (thandle_t)fp,
                          lept_read_proc, lept_write_proc, lept_seek_proc,
                          lept_close_proc, lept_size_proc, NULL, NULL);
}


/*--------------------------------------------------------------*
 *                      Wrapper for TIFFOpen                    *
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*!
 * \brief   openTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename
 * \param[in]    modestring   "r", "w", ...
 * \return  tiff data structure
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This handles multi-platform file naming.
 * </pre>
 */
static TIFF *
openTiff(const char  *filename,
         const char  *modestring)
{
char  *fname;
TIFF  *tif;

    if (!filename)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (!modestring)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("modestring not defined", __func__, NULL);

    TIFFSetWarningHandler(NULL);  /* disable warnings */
    TIFFSetErrorHandler(NULL);  /* disable error messages */

    fname = genPathname(filename, NULL);
    tif = TIFFOpen(fname, modestring);
    LEPT_FREE(fname);
    return tif;
}


/*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
 *     Memory I/O: reading memory --> pix and writing pix --> memory    *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*  It would be nice to use open_memstream() and fmemopen()
 *  for writing and reading to memory, rsp.  These functions manage
 *  memory for writes and reads that use a file streams interface.
 *  Unfortunately, the tiff library only has an interface for reading
 *  and writing to file descriptors, not to file streams.  The tiff
 *  library procedure is to open a "tiff stream" and read/write to it.
 *  The library provides a client interface for managing the I/O
 *  from memory, which requires seven callbacks.  See the TIFFClientOpen
 *  man page for callback signatures.  Adam Langley provided the code
 *  to do this.  */

/*!
 * \brief   Memory stream buffer used with TIFFClientOpen()
 *
 *  The L_Memstram %buffer has different functions in writing and reading.
 *
 *     * In reading, it is assigned to the data and read from as
 *       the tiff library uncompresses the data and generates the pix.
 *       The %offset points to the current read position in the data,
 *       and the %hw always gives the number of bytes of data.
 *       The %outdata and %outsize ptrs are not used.
 *       When finished, tiffCloseCallback() simply frees the L_Memstream.
 *
 *     * In writing, it accepts the data that the tiff library
 *       produces when a pix is compressed.  the buffer points to a
 *       malloced area of %bufsize bytes.  The current writing position
 *       in the buffer is %offset and the most ever written is %hw.
 *       The buffer is expanded as necessary.  When finished,
 *       tiffCloseCallback() assigns the %outdata and %outsize ptrs
 *       to the %buffer and %bufsize results, and frees the L_Memstream.
 */
struct L_Memstream
{
    l_uint8   *buffer;    /* expands to hold data when written to;         */
                          /* fixed size when read from.                    */
    size_t     bufsize;   /* current size allocated when written to;       */
                          /* fixed size of input data when read from.      */
    size_t     offset;    /* byte offset from beginning of buffer.         */
    size_t     hw;        /* high-water mark; max bytes in buffer.         */
    l_uint8  **poutdata;  /* input param for writing; data goes here.      */
    size_t    *poutsize;  /* input param for writing; data size goes here. */
};
typedef struct L_Memstream  L_MEMSTREAM;


    /* These are static functions for memory I/O */
static L_MEMSTREAM *memstreamCreateForRead(l_uint8 *indata, size_t pinsize);
static L_MEMSTREAM *memstreamCreateForWrite(l_uint8 **poutdata,
                                            size_t *poutsize);
static tsize_t tiffReadCallback(thandle_t handle, tdata_t data, tsize_t length);
static tsize_t tiffWriteCallback(thandle_t handle, tdata_t data,
                                 tsize_t length);
static toff_t tiffSeekCallback(thandle_t handle, toff_t offset, l_int32 whence);
static l_int32 tiffCloseCallback(thandle_t handle);
static toff_t tiffSizeCallback(thandle_t handle);
static l_int32 tiffMapCallback(thandle_t handle, tdata_t *data, toff_t *length);
static void tiffUnmapCallback(thandle_t handle, tdata_t data, toff_t length);


static L_MEMSTREAM *
memstreamCreateForRead(l_uint8  *indata,
                       size_t    insize)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_MEMSTREAM));
    mstream->buffer = indata;   /* handle to input data array */
    mstream->bufsize = insize;  /* amount of input data */
    mstream->hw = insize;       /* high-water mark fixed at input data size */
    mstream->offset = 0;        /* offset always starts at 0 */
    return mstream;
}


static L_MEMSTREAM *
memstreamCreateForWrite(l_uint8  **poutdata,
                        size_t    *poutsize)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)LEPT_CALLOC(1, sizeof(L_MEMSTREAM));
    mstream->buffer = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(8 * 1024, 1);
    mstream->bufsize = 8 * 1024;
    mstream->poutdata = poutdata;  /* used only at end of write */
    mstream->poutsize = poutsize;  /* ditto  */
    mstream->hw = mstream->offset = 0;
    return mstream;
}


static tsize_t
tiffReadCallback(thandle_t  handle,
                 tdata_t    data,
                 tsize_t    length)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;
size_t        amount;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)handle;
    amount = L_MIN((size_t)length, mstream->hw - mstream->offset);

        /* Fuzzed files can create this condition! */
    if (mstream->offset + amount < amount ||  /* overflow */
        mstream->offset + amount > mstream->hw) {
        lept_stderr("Bad file: amount too big: %zu\n", amount);
        return 0;
    }

    memcpy(data, mstream->buffer + mstream->offset, amount);
    mstream->offset += amount;
    return amount;
}


static tsize_t
tiffWriteCallback(thandle_t  handle,
                  tdata_t    data,
                  tsize_t    length)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;
size_t        newsize;

        /* reallocNew() uses calloc to initialize the array.
         * If malloc is used instead, for some of the encoding methods,
         * not all the data in 'bufsize' bytes in the buffer will
         * have been initialized by the end of the compression. */
    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)handle;
    if (mstream->offset + length > mstream->bufsize) {
        newsize = 2 * (mstream->offset + length);
        mstream->buffer = (l_uint8 *)reallocNew((void **)&mstream->buffer,
                                                mstream->hw, newsize);
        mstream->bufsize = newsize;
    }

    memcpy(mstream->buffer + mstream->offset, data, length);
    mstream->offset += length;
    mstream->hw = L_MAX(mstream->offset, mstream->hw);
    return length;
}


static toff_t
tiffSeekCallback(thandle_t  handle,
                 toff_t     offset,
                 l_int32    whence)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)handle;
    switch (whence) {
        case SEEK_SET:
/*            lept_stderr("seek_set: offset = %d\n", offset); */
            if((size_t)offset != offset) {  /* size_t overflow on uint32 */
                return (toff_t)ERROR_INT("too large offset value", __func__, 1);
            }
            mstream->offset = offset;
            break;
        case SEEK_CUR:
/*            lept_stderr("seek_cur: offset = %d\n", offset); */
            mstream->offset += offset;
            break;
        case SEEK_END:
/*            lept_stderr("seek end: hw = %d, offset = %d\n",
                    mstream->hw, offset); */
            mstream->offset = mstream->hw - offset;  /* offset >= 0 */
            break;
        default:
            return (toff_t)ERROR_INT("bad whence value", __func__,
                                     mstream->offset);
    }

    return mstream->offset;
}


static l_int32
tiffCloseCallback(thandle_t  handle)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)handle;
    if (mstream->poutdata) {   /* writing: save the output data */
        *mstream->poutdata = mstream->buffer;
        *mstream->poutsize = mstream->hw;
    }
    LEPT_FREE(mstream);  /* never free the buffer! */
    return 0;
}


static toff_t
tiffSizeCallback(thandle_t  handle)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)handle;
    return mstream->hw;
}


static l_int32
tiffMapCallback(thandle_t  handle,
                tdata_t   *data,
                toff_t    *length)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;

    mstream = (L_MEMSTREAM *)handle;
    *data = mstream->buffer;
    *length = mstream->hw;
    return 0;
}


static void
tiffUnmapCallback(thandle_t  handle,
                  tdata_t    data,
                  toff_t     length)
{
    return;
}


/*!
 * \brief   fopenTiffMemstream()
 *
 * \param[in]    filename    for error output; can be ""
 * \param[in]    operation   "w" for write, "r" for read
 * \param[out]   pdata       written data
 * \param[out]   pdatasize   size of written data
 * \return  tiff data structure, opened for write to memory
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This wraps up a number of callbacks for either:
 *            * reading from tiff in memory buffer --> pix
 *            * writing from pix --> tiff in memory buffer
 *      (2) After use, the memstream is automatically destroyed when
 *          TIFFClose() is called.  TIFFCleanup() doesn't free the memstream.
 *      (3) This does not work in append mode, and in write mode it
 *          does not append.
 * </pre>
 */
static TIFF *
fopenTiffMemstream(const char  *filename,
                   const char  *operation,
                   l_uint8    **pdata,
                   size_t      *pdatasize)
{
L_MEMSTREAM  *mstream;
TIFF         *tif;

    if (!filename)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("filename not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (!operation)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("operation not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (!pdata)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("&data not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (!pdatasize)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("&datasize not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (strcmp(operation, "r") && strcmp(operation, "w"))
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("op not 'r' or 'w'", __func__, NULL);

    if (!strcmp(operation, "r"))
        mstream = memstreamCreateForRead(*pdata, *pdatasize);
    else
        mstream = memstreamCreateForWrite(pdata, pdatasize);
    if (!mstream)
        return (TIFF *)ERROR_PTR("mstream not made", __func__, NULL);

    TIFFSetWarningHandler(NULL);  /* disable warnings */
    TIFFSetErrorHandler(NULL);  /* disable error messages */

    tif = TIFFClientOpen(filename, operation, (thandle_t)mstream,
                         tiffReadCallback, tiffWriteCallback,
                         tiffSeekCallback, tiffCloseCallback,
                         tiffSizeCallback, tiffMapCallback,
                         tiffUnmapCallback);
    if (!tif)
        LEPT_FREE(mstream);
    return tif;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixReadMemTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    cdata    const; tiff-encoded
 * \param[in]    size     size of cdata
 * \param[in]    n        page image number: 0-based
 * \return  pix, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This is a version of pixReadTiff(), where the data is read
 *          from a memory buffer and uncompressed.
 *      (2) Use TIFFClose(); TIFFCleanup() doesn't free internal memstream.
 *      (3) No warning messages on failure, because of how multi-page
 *          TIFF reading works. You are supposed to keep trying until
 *          it stops working.
 *      (4) Tiff directory overhead is linear in the input page number.
 *          If reading many images, use pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff().
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixReadMemTiff(const l_uint8  *cdata,
               size_t          size,
               l_int32         n)
{
l_uint8  *data;
l_int32   i;
PIX      *pix;
TIFF     *tif;

    if (!cdata)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("cdata not defined", __func__, NULL);

    data = (l_uint8 *)cdata;  /* we're really not going to change this */
    if ((tif = fopenTiffMemstream("tifferror", "r", &data, &size)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("tiff stream not opened", __func__, NULL);

    pix = NULL;
    for (i = 0; ; i++) {
        if (i == n) {
            if ((pix = pixReadFromTiffStream(tif)) == NULL) {
                TIFFClose(tif);
                return NULL;
            }
            pixSetInputFormat(pix, IFF_TIFF);
            break;
        }
        if (TIFFReadDirectory(tif) == 0)
            break;
        if (i == ManyPagesInTiffFile + 1) {
            L_WARNING("big file: more than %d pages\n", __func__,
                      ManyPagesInTiffFile);
        }
    }

    TIFFClose(tif);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    cdata      const; tiff-encoded
 * \param[in]    size       size of cdata
 * \param[in,out]  poffset  set offset to 0 for first image
 * \return  pix, or NULL on error or if previous call returned the last image
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This is a read-from-memory version of pixReadFromMultipageTiff().
 *          See that function for usage.
 *      (2) If reading sequentially from the tiff data, this is more
 *          efficient than pixReadMemTiff(), which has an overhead
 *          proportional to the image index n.
 *      (3) Example usage for reading all the images:
 *            size_t offset = 0;
 *            do {
 *                Pix *pix = pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff(data, size, &offset);
 *                // do something with pix
 *            } while (offset != 0);
 * </pre>
 */
PIX *
pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff(const l_uint8  *cdata,
                            size_t          size,
                            size_t         *poffset)
{
l_uint8  *data;
l_int32   retval;
size_t    offset;
PIX      *pix;
TIFF     *tif;

    if (!cdata)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("cdata not defined", __func__, NULL);
    if (!poffset)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("&offset not defined", __func__, NULL);

    data = (l_uint8 *)cdata;  /* we're really not going to change this */
    if ((tif = fopenTiffMemstream("tifferror", "r", &data, &size)) == NULL)
        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("tiff stream not opened", __func__, NULL);

        /* Set ptrs in the TIFF to the beginning of the image */
    offset = *poffset;
    retval = (offset == 0) ? TIFFSetDirectory(tif, 0)
                           : TIFFSetSubDirectory(tif, offset);
    if (retval == 0) {
        TIFFClose(tif);
        return NULL;
    }

    if ((pix = pixReadFromTiffStream(tif)) == NULL) {
        TIFFClose(tif);
        return NULL;
    }

        /* Advance to the next image and return the new offset */
    TIFFReadDirectory(tif);
    *poffset = TIFFCurrentDirOffset(tif);
    TIFFClose(tif);
    return pix;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixaReadMemMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[in]    data    const; multiple pages; tiff-encoded
 * \param[in]    size    size of cdata
 * \return  pixa, or NULL on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) This is an O(n) read-from-memory version of pixaReadMultipageTiff().
 * </pre>
 */
PIXA *
pixaReadMemMultipageTiff(const l_uint8  *data,
                         size_t          size)
{
size_t  offset;
PIX    *pix;
PIXA   *pixa;

    if (!data)
        return (PIXA *)ERROR_PTR("data not defined", __func__, NULL);

    offset = 0;
    pixa = pixaCreate(0);
    do {
        pix = pixReadMemFromMultipageTiff(data, size, &offset);
        pixaAddPix(pixa, pix, L_INSERT);
    } while (offset != 0);
    return pixa;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixaWriteMemMultipageTiff()
 *
 * \param[out]    pdata   const; tiff-encoded
 * \param[out]    psize   size of data
 * \param[in]     pixa    any depth; colormap will be removed
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 * <pre>
 * Notes:
 *      (1) fopenTiffMemstream() does not work in append mode, so we
 *          must work-around with a temporary file.
 *      (2) Getting a file stream from
 *            open_memstream((char **)pdata, psize)
 *          does not work with the tiff directory.
 * </pre>
 */
l_ok
pixaWriteMemMultipageTiff(l_uint8  **pdata,
                          size_t    *psize,
                          PIXA      *pixa)
{
const char  *modestr;
l_int32      i, n;
FILE        *fp;
PIX         *pix1;

    if (pdata) *pdata = NULL;
    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("pdata not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pixa)
        return ERROR_INT("pixa not defined", __func__, 1);

#ifdef _WIN32
    if ((fp = fopenWriteWinTempfile()) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tmpfile stream not opened", __func__, 1);
#else
    if ((fp = tmpfile()) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tmpfile stream not opened", __func__, 1);
#endif  /* _WIN32 */

    n = pixaGetCount(pixa);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        modestr = (i == 0) ? "w" : "a";
        pix1 = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE);
        if (pixGetDepth(pix1) == 1)
            pixWriteStreamTiffWA(fp, pix1, IFF_TIFF_G4, modestr);
        else
            pixWriteStreamTiffWA(fp, pix1, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, modestr);
        pixDestroy(&pix1);
    }

    rewind(fp);
    *pdata = l_binaryReadStream(fp, psize);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteMemTiff()
 *
 * \param[out]   pdata     data of tiff compressed image
 * \param[out]   psize     size of returned data
 * \param[in]    pix
 * \param[in]    comptype  IFF_TIFF, IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS,
 *                         IFF_TIFF_G3, IFF_TIFF_G4,
 *                         IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, IFF_TIFF_JPEG
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Usage:
 *      1) See pixWriteTiff(.  This version writes to
 *          memory instead of to a file.
 */
l_ok
pixWriteMemTiff(l_uint8  **pdata,
                size_t    *psize,
                PIX       *pix,
                l_int32    comptype)
{
    return pixWriteMemTiffCustom(pdata, psize, pix, comptype,
                                 NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}


/*!
 * \brief   pixWriteMemTiffCustom()
 *
 * \param[out]   pdata     data of tiff compressed image
 * \param[out]   psize     size of returned data
 * \param[in]    pix
 * \param[in]    comptype  IFF_TIFF, IFF_TIFF_RLE, IFF_TIFF_PACKBITS,
 *                         IFF_TIFF_G3, IFF_TIFF_G4,
 *                         IFF_TIFF_LZW, IFF_TIFF_ZIP, IFF_TIFF_JPEG
 * \param[in]    natags    [optional] NUMA of custom tiff tags
 * \param[in]    savals    [optional] SARRAY of values
 * \param[in]    satypes   [optional] SARRAY of types
 * \param[in]    nasizes   [optional] NUMA of sizes
 * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
 *
 *  Usage:
 *      1) See pixWriteTiffCustom(.  This version writes to
 *          memory instead of to a file.
 *      2) Use TIFFClose(); TIFFCleanup( doesn't free internal memstream.
 */
l_ok
pixWriteMemTiffCustom(l_uint8  **pdata,
                      size_t    *psize,
                      PIX       *pix,
                      l_int32    comptype,
                      NUMA      *natags,
                      SARRAY    *savals,
                      SARRAY    *satypes,
                      NUMA      *nasizes)
{
l_int32  ret;
TIFF    *tif;

    if (!pdata)
        return ERROR_INT("&data not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!psize)
        return ERROR_INT("&size not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (!pix)
        return ERROR_INT("&pix not defined", __func__, 1);
    if (pixGetDepth(pix) != 1 && comptype != IFF_TIFF &&
        comptype != IFF_TIFF_LZW && comptype != IFF_TIFF_ZIP &&
        comptype != IFF_TIFF_JPEG) {
        L_WARNING("invalid compression type for bpp > 1\n", __func__);
        comptype = IFF_TIFF_ZIP;
    }

    if ((tif = fopenTiffMemstream("tifferror", "w", pdata, psize)) == NULL)
        return ERROR_INT("tiff stream not opened", __func__, 1);
    ret = pixWriteToTiffStream(tif, pix, comptype, natags, savals,
                               satypes, nasizes);

    TIFFClose(tif);
    return ret;
}

/* ---------------------------------------*/
#endif  /* HAVE_LIBTIFF && HAVE_LIBJPEG   */
/* ---------------------------------------*/