--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/mupdf-source/thirdparty/leptonica/src/adaptmap.c	Mon Sep 15 11:43:07 2025 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3074 @@
+/*====================================================================*
+ -  Copyright (C) 2001 Leptonica.  All rights reserved.
+ -
+ -  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ -  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ -  are met:
+ -  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ -     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ -  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ -     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ -     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+ -     provided with the distribution.
+ -
+ -  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ -  ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ -  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ -  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
+ -  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+ -  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+ -  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+ -  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
+ -  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ -  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ -  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *====================================================================*/
+
+/*!
+ * \file adaptmap.c
+ * <pre>
+ *
+ *  -------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ *  Image binarization algorithms are found in:
+ *     grayquant.c:   standard, simple, general grayscale quantization
+ *     adaptmap.c:    local adaptive; mostly gray-to-gray in preparation
+ *                    for binarization
+ *     binarize.c:    special binarization methods, locally adaptive.
+ *     pageseg.c:     locally adaptive cleaning operation with several options
+ *
+ *  -------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ *      Clean background to white using background normalization
+ *          PIX       *pixCleanBackgroundToWhite()
+ *
+ *      Adaptive background normalization (top-level functions)
+ *          PIX       *pixBackgroundNormSimple()     8 and 32 bpp
+ *          PIX       *pixBackgroundNorm()           8 and 32 bpp
+ *          PIX       *pixBackgroundNormMorph()      8 and 32 bpp
+ *
+ *      Arrays of inverted background values for normalization (16 bpp)
+ *          l_int32    pixBackgroundNormGrayArray()   8 bpp input
+ *          l_int32    pixBackgroundNormRGBArrays()   32 bpp input
+ *          l_int32    pixBackgroundNormGrayArrayMorph()   8 bpp input
+ *          l_int32    pixBackgroundNormRGBArraysMorph()   32 bpp input
+ *
+ *      Measurement of local background
+ *          l_int32    pixGetBackgroundGrayMap()        8 bpp
+ *          l_int32    pixGetBackgroundRGBMap()         32 bpp
+ *          l_int32    pixGetBackgroundGrayMapMorph()   8 bpp
+ *          l_int32    pixGetBackgroundRGBMapMorph()    32 bpp
+ *          l_int32    pixFillMapHoles()
+ *          PIX       *pixExtendByReplication()         8 bpp
+ *          l_int32    pixSmoothConnectedRegions()      8 bpp
+ *
+ *      Measurement of local foreground
+ *          l_int32    pixGetForegroundGrayMap()        8 bpp
+ *
+ *      Generate inverted background map for each component
+ *          PIX       *pixGetInvBackgroundMap()   16 bpp
+ *
+ *      Apply inverse background map to image
+ *          PIX       *pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap()   8 bpp
+ *          PIX       *pixApplyInvBackgroundRGBMap()    32 bpp
+ *
+ *      Apply variable map
+ *          PIX       *pixApplyVariableGrayMap()        8 bpp
+ *
+ *      Non-adaptive (global) mapping
+ *          PIX       *pixGlobalNormRGB()               32 bpp or cmapped
+ *          PIX       *pixGlobalNormNoSatRGB()          32 bpp
+ *
+ *      Adaptive threshold spread normalization
+ *          l_int32    pixThresholdSpreadNorm()         8 bpp
+ *
+ *      Adaptive background normalization (flexible adaptaption)
+ *          PIX       *pixBackgroundNormFlex()          8 bpp
+ *
+ *      Adaptive contrast normalization
+ *          PIX             *pixContrastNorm()          8 bpp
+ *          static l_int32   pixMinMaxTiles()
+ *          static l_int32   pixSetLowContrast()
+ *          static PIX      *pixLinearTRCTiled()
+ *          static l_int32  *iaaGetLinearTRC()
+ *
+ *      Adaptive normalization with MinMax conversion of RGB to gray,
+ *      contrast enhancement and optional 2x upscale binarization
+ *          PIX             *pixBackgroundNormTo1MinMax()
+ *          PIX             *pixConvertTo8MinMax()
+ *          static l_int32  *pixSelectiveContrastMod()
+ *
+ *  Background normalization is done by generating a reduced map (or set
+ *  of maps) representing the estimated background value of the
+ *  input image, and using this to shift the pixel values so that
+ *  this background value is set to some constant value.
+ *
+ *  Specifically, normalization has 3 steps:
+ *    (1) Generate a background map at a reduced scale.
+ *    (2) Make the array of inverted background values by inverting
+ *        the map.  The result is an array of local multiplicative factors.
+ *    (3) Apply this inverse background map to the image
+ *
+ *  The inverse background arrays can be generated in two different ways here:
+ *    (1) Remove the 'foreground' pixels and average over the remaining
+ *        pixels in each tile.  Propagate values into tiles where
+ *        values have not been assigned, either because there was not
+ *        enough background in the tile or because the tile is covered
+ *        by a foreground region described by an image mask.
+ *        After the background map is made, the inverse map is generated by
+ *        smoothing over some number of adjacent tiles
+ *        (block convolution) and then inverting.
+ *    (2) Remove the foreground pixels using a morphological closing
+ *        on a subsampled version of the image.  Propagate values
+ *        into pixels covered by an optional image mask.  Invert the
+ *        background map without preconditioning by convolutional smoothing.
+ *
+ *  Other methods for adaptively normalizing the image are also given here.
+ *
+ *  (1) pixThresholdSpreadNorm() computes a local threshold over the image
+ *      and normalizes the input pixel values so that this computed threshold
+ *      is a constant across the entire image.
+ *
+ *  (2) pixContrastNorm() computes and applies a local TRC so that the
+ *      local dynamic range is expanded to the full 8 bits, where the
+ *      darkest pixels are mapped to 0 and the lightest to 255.  This is
+ *      useful for improving the appearance of pages with very light
+ *      foreground or very dark background, and where the local TRC
+ *      function doesn't change rapidly with position.
+ *
+ *  Adaptive binarization is done in two steps:
+ *    (1) Background normalization by some method
+ *    (2) Global thresholding with a value appropriate to the normalization.
+ *  There are several high-level functions in leptonica for doing adaptive
+ *  binarization on grayscale and color images, such as:
+ *    * pixAdaptThresholdToBinary()   (in grayquant.c)
+ *    * pixConvertTo1Adaptive()       (in pixconv.c)
+ *    * pixCleanImage()               (in pageseg.c)
+ * </pre>
+ */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include <config_auto.h>
+#endif  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
+
+#include "allheaders.h"
+
+    /* Default input parameters for pixBackgroundNormSimple()
+     * Notes:
+     *    (1) mincount must never exceed the tile area (width * height)
+     *    (2) bgval must be sufficiently below 255 to avoid accidental
+     *        saturation; otherwise it should be large to avoid
+     *        shrinking the dynamic range
+     *    (3) results should otherwise not be sensitive to these values
+     */
+static const l_int32  DefaultTileWidth = 10;    /*!< default tile width    */
+static const l_int32  DefaultTileHeight = 15;   /*!< default tile height   */
+static const l_int32  DefaultFgThreshold = 60;  /*!< default fg threshold  */
+static const l_int32  DefaultMinCount = 40;     /*!< default minimum count */
+static const l_int32  DefaultBgVal = 200;       /*!< default bg value      */
+static const l_int32  DefaultXSmoothSize = 2;  /*!< default x smooth size */
+static const l_int32  DefaultYSmoothSize = 1;  /*!< default y smooth size */
+
+static l_int32 pixMinMaxTiles(PIX *pixs, l_int32 sx, l_int32 sy,
+                              l_int32 mindiff, l_int32 smoothx, l_int32 smoothy,
+                              PIX **ppixmin, PIX **ppixmax);
+static l_int32 pixSetLowContrast(PIX *pixs1, PIX *pixs2, l_int32 mindiff);
+static PIX *pixLinearTRCTiled(PIX *pixd, PIX *pixs, l_int32 sx, l_int32 sy,
+                              PIX *pixmin, PIX *pixmax);
+static l_int32 *iaaGetLinearTRC(l_int32 **iaa, l_int32 diff);
+
+static l_ok pixSelectiveContrastMod(PIX *pixs, l_int32 contrast);
+
+#ifndef  NO_CONSOLE_IO
+#define  DEBUG_GLOBAL    0    /*!< set to 1 to debug pixGlobalNormNoSatRGB() */
+#endif  /* ~NO_CONSOLE_IO */
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *      Clean background to white using background normalization    *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixCleanBackgroundToWhite()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       8 bpp grayscale or 32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim      [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    pixg       [optional] 8 bpp grayscale version; can be null
+ * \param[in]    gamma      gamma correction; must be > 0.0; typically ~1.0
+ * \param[in]    blackval   dark value to set to black (0)
+ * \param[in]    whiteval   light value to set to white (255)
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp or 32 bpp rgb, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a simplified interface for cleaning an image.
+ *        For comparison, see pixAdaptThresholdToBinaryGen().
+ *    (2) The suggested default values for the input parameters are:
+ *          gamma:    1.0  (reduce this to increase the contrast; e.g.,
+ *                          for light text)
+ *          blackval   70  (a bit more than 60)
+ *          whiteval  190  (a bit less than 200)
+ *    (3) Note: the whiteval must not exceed 200, which is the value
+ *        that the background is set to in pixBackgroundNormSimple().
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixCleanBackgroundToWhite(PIX       *pixs,
+                          PIX       *pixim,
+                          PIX       *pixg,
+                          l_float32  gamma,
+                          l_int32    blackval,
+                          l_int32    whiteval)
+{
+l_int32  d;
+PIX     *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    d = pixGetDepth(pixs);
+    if (d != 8 && d != 32)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("depth not 8 or 32", __func__, NULL);
+    if (whiteval > 200) {
+        L_WARNING("white value %d must not exceed 200; reset to 190",
+                  __func__, whiteval);
+        whiteval = 190;
+    }
+
+    pixd = pixBackgroundNormSimple(pixs, pixim, pixg);
+    if (!pixd)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("background norm failedd", __func__, NULL);
+    pixGammaTRC(pixd, pixd, gamma, blackval, whiteval);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                Adaptive background normalization                 *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormSimple()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs     8 bpp grayscale or 32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim    [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    pixg     [optional] 8 bpp grayscale version; can be null
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp or 32 bpp rgb, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a simplified interface to pixBackgroundNorm(),
+ *        where seven parameters are defaulted.
+ *    (2) The input image is either grayscale or rgb.
+ *    (3) See pixBackgroundNorm() for usage and function.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixBackgroundNormSimple(PIX  *pixs,
+                        PIX  *pixim,
+                        PIX  *pixg)
+{
+    return pixBackgroundNorm(pixs, pixim, pixg,
+                             DefaultTileWidth, DefaultTileHeight,
+                             DefaultFgThreshold, DefaultMinCount,
+                             DefaultBgVal, DefaultXSmoothSize,
+                             DefaultYSmoothSize);
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNorm()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs        8 bpp grayscale or 32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim       [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    pixg        [optional] 8 bpp grayscale version; can be null
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy      tile size in pixels
+ * \param[in]    thresh      threshold for determining foreground
+ * \param[in]    mincount    min threshold on counts in a tile
+ * \param[in]    bgval       target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \param[in]    smoothx     half-width of block convolution kernel width
+ * \param[in]    smoothy     half-width of block convolution kernel height
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp or 32 bpp rgb, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a top-level interface for normalizing the image intensity
+ *        by mapping the image so that the background is near the input
+ *        value %bgval.
+ *    (2) The input image is either grayscale or rgb.
+ *    (3) For each component in the input image, the background value
+ *        in each tile is estimated using the values in the tile that
+ *        are not part of the foreground, where the foreground is
+ *        determined by %thresh.
+ *    (4) An optional binary mask can be specified, with the foreground
+ *        pixels typically over image regions.  The resulting background
+ *        map values will be determined by surrounding pixels that are
+ *        not under the mask foreground.  The origin (0,0) of this mask
+ *        is assumed to be aligned with the origin of the input image.
+ *        This binary mask must not fully cover pixs, because then there
+ *        will be no pixels in the input image available to compute
+ *        the background.
+ *    (5) An optional grayscale version of the input pixs can be supplied.
+ *        The only reason to do this is if the input is RGB and this
+ *        grayscale version can be used elsewhere.  If the input is RGB
+ *        and this is not supplied, it is made internally using only
+ *        the green component, and destroyed after use.
+ *    (6) The dimensions of the pixel tile (%sx, %sy) give the amount
+ *        by which the map is reduced in size from the input image.
+ *    (7) The input image is binarized using %thresh, in order to
+ *        locate the foreground components.  If this is set too low,
+ *        some actual foreground may be used to determine the maps;
+ *        if set too high, there may not be enough background
+ *        to determine the map values accurately.  Typically, it is
+ *        better to err by setting the threshold too high.
+ *    (8) A %mincount threshold is a minimum count of pixels in a
+ *        tile for which a background reading is made, in order for that
+ *        pixel in the map to be valid.  This number should perhaps be
+ *        at least 1/3 the size of the tile.
+ *    (9) A %bgval target background value for the normalized image.  This
+ *        should be at least 128.  If set too close to 255, some
+ *        clipping will occur in the result.  It is recommended to use
+ *        %bgval = 200.
+ *    (10) Two factors, %smoothx and %smoothy, are input for smoothing
+ *         the map.  Each low-pass filter kernel dimension is
+ *         is 2 * (smoothing factor) + 1, so a
+ *         value of 0 means no smoothing. A value of 1 or 2 is recommended.
+ *    (11) See pixCleanBackgroundToWhite().  The recommended value for %bgval
+ *         is 200.  As done there, pixBackgroundNorm() is typically followed
+ *         by pixGammaTRC(), where the maxval must not not exceed %bgval.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixBackgroundNorm(PIX     *pixs,
+                  PIX     *pixim,
+                  PIX     *pixg,
+                  l_int32  sx,
+                  l_int32  sy,
+                  l_int32  thresh,
+                  l_int32  mincount,
+                  l_int32  bgval,
+                  l_int32  smoothx,
+                  l_int32  smoothy)
+{
+l_int32  d, allfg;
+PIX     *pixm, *pixmi, *pixd;
+PIX     *pixmr, *pixmg, *pixmb, *pixmri, *pixmgi, *pixmbi;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    d = pixGetDepth(pixs);
+    if (d != 8 && d != 32)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 or 32 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (sx < 4 || sy < 4)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sx and sy must be >= 4", __func__, NULL);
+    if (mincount > sx * sy) {
+        L_WARNING("mincount too large for tile size\n", __func__);
+        mincount = (sx * sy) / 3;
+    }
+
+        /* If pixim exists, verify that it is not all foreground. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        pixZero(pixim, &allfg);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        if (allfg)
+            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixim all foreground", __func__, NULL);
+    }
+
+    pixd = NULL;
+    if (d == 8) {
+        pixm = NULL;
+        pixGetBackgroundGrayMap(pixs, pixim, sx, sy, thresh, mincount, &pixm);
+        if (!pixm) {
+            L_WARNING("map not made; return a copy of the source\n", __func__);
+            return pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+        }
+
+        pixmi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixm, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+        if (!pixmi) {
+            L_WARNING("pixmi not made; return a copy of source\n", __func__);
+            pixDestroy(&pixm);
+            return pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+        } else {
+            pixd = pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap(pixs, pixmi, sx, sy);
+        }
+
+        pixDestroy(&pixm);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmi);
+    }
+    else {
+        pixmr = pixmg = pixmb = NULL;
+        pixGetBackgroundRGBMap(pixs, pixim, pixg, sx, sy, thresh,
+                               mincount, &pixmr, &pixmg, &pixmb);
+        if (!pixmr || !pixmg || !pixmb) {
+            pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+            pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+            pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+            L_WARNING("map not made; return a copy of the source\n", __func__);
+            return pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+        }
+
+        pixmri = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmr, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+        pixmgi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmg, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+        pixmbi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmb, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+        if (!pixmri || !pixmgi || !pixmbi) {
+            L_WARNING("not all pixm*i are made; return src copy\n", __func__);
+            pixd = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+        } else {
+            pixd = pixApplyInvBackgroundRGBMap(pixs, pixmri, pixmgi, pixmbi,
+                                               sx, sy);
+        }
+
+        pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmri);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmgi);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmbi);
+    }
+
+    if (!pixd)
+        ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormMorph()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs        8 bpp grayscale or 32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim       [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    reduction   at which morph closings are done; between 2 and 16
+ * \param[in]    size        of square Sel for the closing; use an odd number
+ * \param[in]    bgval       target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a top-level interface for normalizing the image intensity
+ *        by mapping the image so that the background is near the input
+ *        value 'bgval'.
+ *    (2) The input image is either grayscale or rgb.
+ *    (3) For each component in the input image, the background value
+ *        is estimated using a grayscale closing; hence the 'Morph'
+ *        in the function name.
+ *    (4) An optional binary mask can be specified, with the foreground
+ *        pixels typically over image regions.  The resulting background
+ *        map values will be determined by surrounding pixels that are
+ *        not under the mask foreground.  The origin (0,0) of this mask
+ *        is assumed to be aligned with the origin of the input image.
+ *        This binary mask must not fully cover pixs, because then there
+ *        will be no pixels in the input image available to compute
+ *        the background.
+ *    (5) The map is computed at reduced size (given by 'reduction')
+ *        from the input pixs and optional pixim.  At this scale,
+ *        pixs is closed to remove the background, using a square Sel
+ *        of odd dimension.  The product of reduction * size should be
+ *        large enough to remove most of the text foreground.
+ *    (6) No convolutional smoothing needs to be done on the map before
+ *        inverting it.
+ *    (7) A 'bgval' target background value for the normalized image.  This
+ *        should be at least 128.  If set too close to 255, some
+ *        clipping will occur in the result.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixBackgroundNormMorph(PIX     *pixs,
+                       PIX     *pixim,
+                       l_int32  reduction,
+                       l_int32  size,
+                       l_int32  bgval)
+{
+l_int32    d, allfg;
+PIX       *pixm, *pixmi, *pixd;
+PIX       *pixmr, *pixmg, *pixmb, *pixmri, *pixmgi, *pixmbi;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    d = pixGetDepth(pixs);
+    if (d != 8 && d != 32)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 8 or 32 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (reduction < 2 || reduction > 16)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("reduction must be between 2 and 16",
+                                __func__, NULL);
+
+        /* If pixim exists, verify that it is not all foreground. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        pixZero(pixim, &allfg);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        if (allfg)
+            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixim all foreground", __func__, NULL);
+    }
+
+    pixd = NULL;
+    if (d == 8) {
+        pixGetBackgroundGrayMapMorph(pixs, pixim, reduction, size, &pixm);
+        if (!pixm)
+            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixm not made", __func__, NULL);
+        pixmi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixm, bgval, 0, 0);
+        if (!pixmi)
+            ERROR_PTR("pixmi not made", __func__, NULL);
+        else
+            pixd = pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap(pixs, pixmi,
+                                                reduction, reduction);
+        pixDestroy(&pixm);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmi);
+    }
+    else {  /* d == 32 */
+        pixmr = pixmg = pixmb = NULL;
+        pixGetBackgroundRGBMapMorph(pixs, pixim, reduction, size,
+                                    &pixmr, &pixmg, &pixmb);
+        if (!pixmr || !pixmg || !pixmb) {
+            pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+            pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+            pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+            return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("not all pixm*", __func__, NULL);
+        }
+
+        pixmri = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmr, bgval, 0, 0);
+        pixmgi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmg, bgval, 0, 0);
+        pixmbi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmb, bgval, 0, 0);
+        if (!pixmri || !pixmgi || !pixmbi)
+            ERROR_PTR("not all pixm*i are made", __func__, NULL);
+        else
+            pixd = pixApplyInvBackgroundRGBMap(pixs, pixmri, pixmgi, pixmbi,
+                                               reduction, reduction);
+
+        pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmri);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmgi);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmbi);
+    }
+
+    if (!pixd)
+        ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *      Arrays of inverted background values for normalization             *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *  Notes for these four functions:                                        *
+ *      (1) They are useful if you need to save the actual mapping array.  *
+ *      (2) They could be used in the top-level functions but are          *
+ *          not because their use makes those functions less clear.        *
+ *      (3) Each component in the input pixs generates a 16 bpp pix array. *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormGrayArray()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       8 bpp grayscale
+ * \param[in]    pixim      [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy     tile size in pixels
+ * \param[in]    thresh     threshold for determining foreground
+ * \param[in]    mincount   min threshold on counts in a tile
+ * \param[in]    bgval      target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \param[in]    smoothx    half-width of block convolution kernel width
+ * \param[in]    smoothy    half-width of block convolution kernel height
+ * \param[out]   ppixd      16 bpp array of inverted background value
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) See notes in pixBackgroundNorm().
+ *    (2) This returns a 16 bpp pix that can be used by
+ *        pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap() to generate a normalized version
+ *        of the input pixs.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixBackgroundNormGrayArray(PIX     *pixs,
+                           PIX     *pixim,
+                           l_int32  sx,
+                           l_int32  sy,
+                           l_int32  thresh,
+                           l_int32  mincount,
+                           l_int32  bgval,
+                           l_int32  smoothx,
+                           l_int32  smoothy,
+                           PIX    **ppixd)
+{
+l_int32  allfg;
+PIX     *pixm;
+
+    if (!ppixd)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixd not defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixd = NULL;
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs is colormapped", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (sx < 4 || sy < 4)
+        return ERROR_INT("sx and sy must be >= 4", __func__, 1);
+    if (mincount > sx * sy) {
+        L_WARNING("mincount too large for tile size\n", __func__);
+        mincount = (sx * sy) / 3;
+    }
+
+        /* If pixim exists, verify that it is not all foreground. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        pixZero(pixim, &allfg);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        if (allfg)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all foreground", __func__, 1);
+    }
+
+    pixGetBackgroundGrayMap(pixs, pixim, sx, sy, thresh, mincount, &pixm);
+    if (!pixm)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixm not made", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixd = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixm, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixd, pixs);
+    pixDestroy(&pixm);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormRGBArrays()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim      [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    pixg       [optional] 8 bpp grayscale version; can be null
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy     tile size in pixels
+ * \param[in]    thresh     threshold for determining foreground
+ * \param[in]    mincount   min threshold on counts in a tile
+ * \param[in]    bgval      target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \param[in]    smoothx    half-width of block convolution kernel width
+ * \param[in]    smoothy    half-width of block convolution kernel height
+ * \param[out]   ppixr      16 bpp array of inverted R background value
+ * \param[out]   ppixg      16 bpp array of inverted G background value
+ * \param[out]   ppixb      16 bpp array of inverted B background value
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) See notes in pixBackgroundNorm().
+ *    (2) This returns a set of three 16 bpp pix that can be used by
+ *        pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap() to generate a normalized version
+ *        of each component of the input pixs.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixBackgroundNormRGBArrays(PIX     *pixs,
+                           PIX     *pixim,
+                           PIX     *pixg,
+                           l_int32  sx,
+                           l_int32  sy,
+                           l_int32  thresh,
+                           l_int32  mincount,
+                           l_int32  bgval,
+                           l_int32  smoothx,
+                           l_int32  smoothy,
+                           PIX    **ppixr,
+                           PIX    **ppixg,
+                           PIX    **ppixb)
+{
+l_int32  allfg;
+PIX     *pixmr, *pixmg, *pixmb;
+
+    if (!ppixr || !ppixg || !ppixb)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixr, &pixg, &pixb not all defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixr = *ppixg = *ppixb = NULL;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 32 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (sx < 4 || sy < 4)
+        return ERROR_INT("sx and sy must be >= 4", __func__, 1);
+    if (mincount > sx * sy) {
+        L_WARNING("mincount too large for tile size\n", __func__);
+        mincount = (sx * sy) / 3;
+    }
+
+        /* If pixim exists, verify that it is not all foreground. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        pixZero(pixim, &allfg);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        if (allfg)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all foreground", __func__, 1);
+    }
+
+    pixGetBackgroundRGBMap(pixs, pixim, pixg, sx, sy, thresh, mincount,
+                           &pixmr, &pixmg, &pixmb);
+    if (!pixmr || !pixmg || !pixmb) {
+        pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+        return ERROR_INT("not all pixm* made", __func__, 1);
+    }
+
+    *ppixr = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmr, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+    *ppixg = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmg, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+    *ppixb = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmb, bgval, smoothx, smoothy);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormGrayArrayMorph()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs        8 bpp grayscale
+ * \param[in]    pixim       [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    reduction   at which morph closings are done; between 2 and 16
+ * \param[in]    size        of square Sel for the closing; use an odd number
+ * \param[in]    bgval       target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \param[out]   ppixd       16 bpp array of inverted background value
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) See notes in pixBackgroundNormMorph().
+ *    (2) This returns a 16 bpp pix that can be used by
+ *        pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap() to generate a normalized version
+ *        of the input pixs.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixBackgroundNormGrayArrayMorph(PIX     *pixs,
+                                PIX     *pixim,
+                                l_int32  reduction,
+                                l_int32  size,
+                                l_int32  bgval,
+                                PIX    **ppixd)
+{
+l_int32  allfg;
+PIX     *pixm;
+
+    if (!ppixd)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixd not defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixd = NULL;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (reduction < 2 || reduction > 16)
+        return ERROR_INT("reduction must be between 2 and 16", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* If pixim exists, verify that it is not all foreground. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        pixZero(pixim, &allfg);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        if (allfg)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all foreground", __func__, 1);
+    }
+
+    pixGetBackgroundGrayMapMorph(pixs, pixim, reduction, size, &pixm);
+    if (!pixm)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixm not made", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixd = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixm, bgval, 0, 0);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixd, pixs);
+    pixDestroy(&pixm);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormRGBArraysMorph()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs        32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim       [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    reduction   at which morph closings are done; between 2 and 16
+ * \param[in]    size        of square Sel for the closing; use an odd number
+ * \param[in]    bgval       target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \param[out]   ppixr       16 bpp array of inverted R background value
+ * \param[out]   ppixg       16 bpp array of inverted G background value
+ * \param[out]   ppixb       16 bpp array of inverted B background value
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) See notes in pixBackgroundNormMorph().
+ *    (2) This returns a set of three 16 bpp pix that can be used by
+ *        pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap() to generate a normalized version
+ *        of each component of the input pixs.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixBackgroundNormRGBArraysMorph(PIX     *pixs,
+                                PIX     *pixim,
+                                l_int32  reduction,
+                                l_int32  size,
+                                l_int32  bgval,
+                                PIX    **ppixr,
+                                PIX    **ppixg,
+                                PIX    **ppixb)
+{
+l_int32  allfg;
+PIX     *pixmr, *pixmg, *pixmb;
+
+    if (!ppixr || !ppixg || !ppixb)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixr, &pixg, &pixb not all defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixr = *ppixg = *ppixb = NULL;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 32 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (reduction < 2 || reduction > 16)
+        return ERROR_INT("reduction must be between 2 and 16", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* If pixim exists, verify that it is not all foreground. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        pixZero(pixim, &allfg);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);
+        if (allfg)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all foreground", __func__, 1);
+    }
+
+    pixGetBackgroundRGBMapMorph(pixs, pixim, reduction, size,
+                                &pixmr, &pixmg, &pixmb);
+    if (!pixmr || !pixmg || !pixmb) {
+        pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+        return ERROR_INT("not all pixm* made", __func__, 1);
+    }
+
+    *ppixr = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmr, bgval, 0, 0);
+    *ppixg = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmg, bgval, 0, 0);
+    *ppixb = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixmb, bgval, 0, 0);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                 Measurement of local background                  *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGetBackgroundGrayMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       8 bpp grayscale; not cmapped
+ * \param[in]    pixim      [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null;
+ *                          it should not have only foreground pixels
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy     tile size in pixels
+ * \param[in]    thresh     threshold for determining foreground
+ * \param[in]    mincount   min threshold on counts in a tile
+ * \param[out]   ppixd      8 bpp grayscale map
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) The background is measured in regions that don't have
+ *          images.  It is then propagated into the image regions,
+ *          and finally smoothed in each image region.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixGetBackgroundGrayMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                        PIX     *pixim,
+                        l_int32  sx,
+                        l_int32  sy,
+                        l_int32  thresh,
+                        l_int32  mincount,
+                        PIX    **ppixd)
+{
+l_int32    w, h, wd, hd, wim, him, wpls, wplim, wpld, wplf;
+l_int32    xim, yim, delx, nx, ny, i, j, k, m;
+l_int32    count, sum, val8;
+l_int32    empty, fgpixels;
+l_uint32  *datas, *dataim, *datad, *dataf, *lines, *lineim, *lined, *linef;
+l_float32  scalex, scaley;
+PIX       *pixd, *piximi, *pixb, *pixf, *pixims;
+
+    if (!ppixd)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixd not defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixd = NULL;
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs is colormapped", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (sx < 4 || sy < 4)
+        return ERROR_INT("sx and sy must be >= 4", __func__, 1);
+    if (mincount > sx * sy) {
+        L_WARNING("mincount too large for tile size\n", __func__);
+        mincount = (sx * sy) / 3;
+    }
+
+        /* Evaluate the 'image' mask, pixim, and make sure
+         * it is not all fg. */
+    fgpixels = 0;  /* boolean for existence of fg pixels in the image mask. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        piximi = pixInvert(NULL, pixim);  /* set non-'image' pixels to 1 */
+        pixZero(piximi, &empty);
+        pixDestroy(&piximi);
+        if (empty)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all fg; no background", __func__, 1);
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (!empty)  /* there are fg pixels in pixim */
+            fgpixels = 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Generate the foreground mask, pixf, which is at
+         * full resolution.  These pixels will be ignored when
+         * computing the background values. */
+    pixb = pixThresholdToBinary(pixs, thresh);
+    pixf = pixMorphSequence(pixb, "d7.1 + d1.7", 0);
+    pixDestroy(&pixb);
+    if (!pixf)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixf not made", __func__, 1);
+
+
+    /* ------------- Set up the output map pixd --------------- */
+        /* Generate pixd, which is reduced by the factors (sx, sy). */
+    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
+    h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
+    wd = (w + sx - 1) / sx;
+    hd = (h + sy - 1) / sy;
+    pixd = pixCreate(wd, hd, 8);
+
+        /* Note: we only compute map values in tiles that are complete.
+         * In general, tiles at right and bottom edges will not be
+         * complete, and we must fill them in later. */
+    nx = w / sx;
+    ny = h / sy;
+    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
+    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
+    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
+    wplf = pixGetWpl(pixf);
+    dataf = pixGetData(pixf);
+    for (i = 0; i < ny; i++) {
+        lines = datas + sy * i * wpls;
+        linef = dataf + sy * i * wplf;
+        lined = datad + i * wpld;
+        for (j = 0; j < nx; j++) {
+            delx = j * sx;
+            sum = 0;
+            count = 0;
+            for (k = 0; k < sy; k++) {
+                for (m = 0; m < sx; m++) {
+                    if (GET_DATA_BIT(linef + k * wplf, delx + m) == 0) {
+                        sum += GET_DATA_BYTE(lines + k * wpls, delx + m);
+                        count++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (count >= mincount) {
+                val8 = sum / count;
+                SET_DATA_BYTE(lined, j, val8);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    pixDestroy(&pixf);
+
+        /* If there is an optional mask with fg pixels, erase the previous
+         * calculation for the corresponding map pixels, setting the
+         * map values to 0.   Then, when all the map holes are filled,
+         * these erased pixels will be set by the surrounding map values.
+         *
+         * The calculation here is relatively efficient: for each pixel
+         * in pixd (which corresponds to a tile of mask pixels in pixim)
+         * we look only at the pixel in pixim that is at the center
+         * of the tile.  If the mask pixel is ON, we reset the map
+         * pixel in pixd to 0, so that it can later be filled in. */
+    pixims = NULL;
+    if (pixim && fgpixels) {
+        wim = pixGetWidth(pixim);
+        him = pixGetHeight(pixim);
+        dataim = pixGetData(pixim);
+        wplim = pixGetWpl(pixim);
+        for (i = 0; i < ny; i++) {
+            yim = i * sy + sy / 2;
+            if (yim >= him)
+                break;
+            lineim = dataim + yim * wplim;
+            for (j = 0; j < nx; j++) {
+                xim = j * sx + sx / 2;
+                if (xim >= wim)
+                    break;
+                if (GET_DATA_BIT(lineim, xim))
+                    pixSetPixel(pixd, j, i, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+        /* Fill all the holes in the map. */
+    if (pixFillMapHoles(pixd, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK)) {
+        pixDestroy(&pixd);
+        L_WARNING("can't make the map\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Finally, for each connected region corresponding to the
+         * 'image' mask, reset all pixels to their average value.
+         * Each of these components represents an image (or part of one)
+         * in the input, and this smooths the background values
+         * in each of these regions. */
+    if (pixim && fgpixels) {
+        scalex = 1. / (l_float32)sx;
+        scaley = 1. / (l_float32)sy;
+        pixims = pixScaleBySampling(pixim, scalex, scaley);
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixd, pixims, 2);
+        pixDestroy(&pixims);
+    }
+
+    *ppixd = pixd;
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixd, pixs);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGetBackgroundRGBMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim      [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null; it
+ *                          should not have all foreground pixels
+ * \param[in]    pixg       [optional] 8 bpp grayscale version; can be null
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy     tile size in pixels
+ * \param[in]    thresh     threshold for determining foreground
+ * \param[in]    mincount   min threshold on counts in a tile
+ * \param[out]   ppixmr     red component map
+ * \param[out]   ppixmg     green component map
+ * \param[out]   ppixmb     blue component map
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) If pixg, which is a grayscale version of pixs, is provided,
+ *          use this internally to generate the foreground mask.
+ *          Otherwise, a grayscale version of pixs will be generated
+ *          from the green component only, used, and destroyed.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixGetBackgroundRGBMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                       PIX     *pixim,
+                       PIX     *pixg,
+                       l_int32  sx,
+                       l_int32  sy,
+                       l_int32  thresh,
+                       l_int32  mincount,
+                       PIX    **ppixmr,
+                       PIX    **ppixmg,
+                       PIX    **ppixmb)
+{
+l_int32    w, h, wm, hm, wim, him, wpls, wplim, wplf;
+l_int32    xim, yim, delx, nx, ny, i, j, k, m;
+l_int32    count, rsum, gsum, bsum, rval, gval, bval;
+l_int32    empty, fgpixels;
+l_uint32   pixel;
+l_uint32  *datas, *dataim, *dataf, *lines, *lineim, *linef;
+l_float32  scalex, scaley;
+PIX       *piximi, *pixgc, *pixb, *pixf, *pixims;
+PIX       *pixmr, *pixmg, *pixmb;
+
+    if (!ppixmr || !ppixmg || !ppixmb)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixm* not all defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixmr = *ppixmg = *ppixmb = NULL;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 32 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (sx < 4 || sy < 4)
+        return ERROR_INT("sx and sy must be >= 4", __func__, 1);
+    if (mincount > sx * sy) {
+        L_WARNING("mincount too large for tile size\n", __func__);
+        mincount = (sx * sy) / 3;
+    }
+
+        /* Evaluate the mask pixim and make sure it is not all foreground */
+    fgpixels = 0;  /* boolean for existence of fg mask pixels */
+    if (pixim) {
+        piximi = pixInvert(NULL, pixim);  /* set non-'image' pixels to 1 */
+        pixZero(piximi, &empty);
+        pixDestroy(&piximi);
+        if (empty)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all fg; no background", __func__, 1);
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (!empty)  /* there are fg pixels in pixim */
+            fgpixels = 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Generate the foreground mask.  These pixels will be
+         * ignored when computing the background values. */
+    if (pixg)  /* use the input grayscale version if it is provided */
+        pixgc = pixClone(pixg);
+    else
+        pixgc = pixConvertRGBToGrayFast(pixs);
+    pixb = pixThresholdToBinary(pixgc, thresh);
+    pixf = pixMorphSequence(pixb, "d7.1 + d1.7", 0);
+    pixDestroy(&pixgc);
+    pixDestroy(&pixb);
+
+        /* Generate the output mask images */
+    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
+    h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
+    wm = (w + sx - 1) / sx;
+    hm = (h + sy - 1) / sy;
+    pixmr = pixCreate(wm, hm, 8);
+    pixmg = pixCreate(wm, hm, 8);
+    pixmb = pixCreate(wm, hm, 8);
+
+    /* ------------- Set up the mapping images --------------- */
+        /* Note: we only compute map values in tiles that are complete.
+         * In general, tiles at right and bottom edges will not be
+         * complete, and we must fill them in later. */
+    nx = w / sx;
+    ny = h / sy;
+    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
+    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
+    wplf = pixGetWpl(pixf);
+    dataf = pixGetData(pixf);
+    for (i = 0; i < ny; i++) {
+        lines = datas + sy * i * wpls;
+        linef = dataf + sy * i * wplf;
+        for (j = 0; j < nx; j++) {
+            delx = j * sx;
+            rsum = gsum = bsum = 0;
+            count = 0;
+            for (k = 0; k < sy; k++) {
+                for (m = 0; m < sx; m++) {
+                    if (GET_DATA_BIT(linef + k * wplf, delx + m) == 0) {
+                        pixel = *(lines + k * wpls + delx + m);
+                        rsum += (pixel >> 24);
+                        gsum += ((pixel >> 16) & 0xff);
+                        bsum += ((pixel >> 8) & 0xff);
+                        count++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (count >= mincount) {
+                rval = rsum / count;
+                gval = gsum / count;
+                bval = bsum / count;
+                pixSetPixel(pixmr, j, i, rval);
+                pixSetPixel(pixmg, j, i, gval);
+                pixSetPixel(pixmb, j, i, bval);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    pixDestroy(&pixf);
+
+        /* If there is an optional mask with fg pixels, erase the previous
+         * calculation for the corresponding map pixels, setting the
+         * map values in each of the 3 color maps to 0.   Then, when
+         * all the map holes are filled, these erased pixels will
+         * be set by the surrounding map values. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        wim = pixGetWidth(pixim);
+        him = pixGetHeight(pixim);
+        dataim = pixGetData(pixim);
+        wplim = pixGetWpl(pixim);
+        for (i = 0; i < ny; i++) {
+            yim = i * sy + sy / 2;
+            if (yim >= him)
+                break;
+            lineim = dataim + yim * wplim;
+            for (j = 0; j < nx; j++) {
+                xim = j * sx + sx / 2;
+                if (xim >= wim)
+                    break;
+                if (GET_DATA_BIT(lineim, xim)) {
+                    pixSetPixel(pixmr, j, i, 0);
+                    pixSetPixel(pixmg, j, i, 0);
+                    pixSetPixel(pixmb, j, i, 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* ----------------- Now fill in the holes ----------------------- */
+    if (pixFillMapHoles(pixmr, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK) ||
+        pixFillMapHoles(pixmg, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK) ||
+        pixFillMapHoles(pixmb, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK)) {
+        pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+        L_WARNING("can't make the maps\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Finally, for each connected region corresponding to the
+         * fg mask, reset all pixels to their average value. */
+    if (pixim && fgpixels) {
+        scalex = 1. / (l_float32)sx;
+        scaley = 1. / (l_float32)sy;
+        pixims = pixScaleBySampling(pixim, scalex, scaley);
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixmr, pixims, 2);
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixmg, pixims, 2);
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixmb, pixims, 2);
+        pixDestroy(&pixims);
+    }
+
+    *ppixmr = pixmr;
+    *ppixmg = pixmg;
+    *ppixmb = pixmb;
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmr, pixs);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmg, pixs);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmb, pixs);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGetBackgroundGrayMapMorph()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs        8 bpp grayscale; not cmapped
+ * \param[in]    pixim       [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null; it
+ *                           should not have all foreground pixels
+ * \param[in]    reduction   factor at which closing is performed
+ * \param[in]    size        of square Sel for the closing; use an odd number
+ * \param[out]   ppixm       grayscale map
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ */
+l_ok
+pixGetBackgroundGrayMapMorph(PIX     *pixs,
+                             PIX     *pixim,
+                             l_int32  reduction,
+                             l_int32  size,
+                             PIX    **ppixm)
+{
+l_int32    nx, ny, empty, fgpixels;
+l_float32  scale;
+PIX       *pixm, *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pixims;
+
+    if (!ppixm)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixm not defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixm = NULL;
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs is colormapped", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* Evaluate the mask pixim and make sure it is not all foreground. */
+    fgpixels = 0;  /* boolean for existence of fg mask pixels */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);  /* set background pixels to 1 */
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (empty)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all fg; no background", __func__, 1);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);  /* revert to original mask */
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (!empty)  /* there are fg pixels in pixim */
+            fgpixels = 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Downscale as requested and do the closing to get the background. */
+    scale = 1. / (l_float32)reduction;
+    pix1 = pixScaleBySampling(pixs, scale, scale);
+    pix2 = pixCloseGray(pix1, size, size);
+    pix3 = pixExtendByReplication(pix2, 1, 1);
+    pixDestroy(&pix1);
+    pixDestroy(&pix2);
+
+        /* Downscale the image mask, if any, and remove it from the
+         * background.  These pixels will be filled in (twice). */
+    pixims = NULL;
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixims = pixScale(pixim, scale, scale);
+        pixm = pixConvertTo8(pixims, FALSE);
+        pixAnd(pixm, pixm, pix3);
+    }
+    else
+        pixm = pixClone(pix3);
+    pixDestroy(&pix3);
+
+        /* Fill all the holes in the map. */
+    nx = pixGetWidth(pixs) / reduction;
+    ny = pixGetHeight(pixs) / reduction;
+    if (pixFillMapHoles(pixm, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK)) {
+        pixDestroy(&pixm);
+        pixDestroy(&pixims);
+        L_WARNING("can't make the map\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Finally, for each connected region corresponding to the
+         * fg mask, reset all pixels to their average value. */
+    if (pixim && fgpixels)
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixm, pixims, 2);
+    pixDestroy(&pixims);
+
+    *ppixm = pixm;
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixm, pixs);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGetBackgroundRGBMapMorph()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs        32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    pixim       [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null; it
+ *                           should not have all foreground pixels
+ * \param[in]    reduction   factor at which closing is performed
+ * \param[in]    size        of square Sel for the closing; use an odd number
+ * \param[out]   ppixmr      red component map
+ * \param[out]   ppixmg      green component map
+ * \param[out]   ppixmb      blue component map
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ */
+l_ok
+pixGetBackgroundRGBMapMorph(PIX     *pixs,
+                            PIX     *pixim,
+                            l_int32  reduction,
+                            l_int32  size,
+                            PIX    **ppixmr,
+                            PIX    **ppixmg,
+                            PIX    **ppixmb)
+{
+l_int32    nx, ny, empty, fgpixels;
+l_float32  scale;
+PIX       *pixm, *pixmr, *pixmg, *pixmb, *pix1, *pix2, *pix3, *pixims;
+
+    if (!ppixmr || !ppixmg || !ppixmb)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixm* not all defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixmr = *ppixmg = *ppixmb = NULL;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 32 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* Evaluate the mask pixim and make sure it is not all foreground. */
+    fgpixels = 0;  /* boolean for existence of fg mask pixels */
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);  /* set background pixels to 1 */
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (empty)
+            return ERROR_INT("pixim all fg; no background", __func__, 1);
+        pixInvert(pixim, pixim);  /* revert to original mask */
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (!empty)  /* there are fg pixels in pixim */
+            fgpixels = 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Generate an 8 bpp version of the image mask, if it exists */
+    scale = 1. / (l_float32)reduction;
+    pixims = NULL;
+    pixm = NULL;
+    if (pixim) {
+        pixims = pixScale(pixim, scale, scale);
+        pixm = pixConvertTo8(pixims, FALSE);
+    }
+
+        /* Downscale as requested and do the closing to get the background.
+         * Then remove the image mask pixels from the background.  They
+         * will be filled in (twice) later.  Do this for all 3 components. */
+    pix1 = pixScaleRGBToGrayFast(pixs, reduction, COLOR_RED);
+    pix2 = pixCloseGray(pix1, size, size);
+    pix3 = pixExtendByReplication(pix2, 1, 1);
+    if (pixim)
+        pixmr = pixAnd(NULL, pixm, pix3);
+    else
+        pixmr = pixClone(pix3);
+    pixDestroy(&pix1);
+    pixDestroy(&pix2);
+    pixDestroy(&pix3);
+
+    pix1 = pixScaleRGBToGrayFast(pixs, reduction, COLOR_GREEN);
+    pix2 = pixCloseGray(pix1, size, size);
+    pix3 = pixExtendByReplication(pix2, 1, 1);
+    if (pixim)
+        pixmg = pixAnd(NULL, pixm, pix3);
+    else
+        pixmg = pixClone(pix3);
+    pixDestroy(&pix1);
+    pixDestroy(&pix2);
+    pixDestroy(&pix3);
+
+    pix1 = pixScaleRGBToGrayFast(pixs, reduction, COLOR_BLUE);
+    pix2 = pixCloseGray(pix1, size, size);
+    pix3 = pixExtendByReplication(pix2, 1, 1);
+    if (pixim)
+        pixmb = pixAnd(NULL, pixm, pix3);
+    else
+        pixmb = pixClone(pix3);
+    pixDestroy(&pixm);
+    pixDestroy(&pix1);
+    pixDestroy(&pix2);
+    pixDestroy(&pix3);
+
+        /* Fill all the holes in the three maps. */
+    nx = pixGetWidth(pixs) / reduction;
+    ny = pixGetHeight(pixs) / reduction;
+    if (pixFillMapHoles(pixmr, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK) ||
+        pixFillMapHoles(pixmg, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK) ||
+        pixFillMapHoles(pixmb, nx, ny, L_FILL_BLACK)) {
+        pixDestroy(&pixmr);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmg);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmb);
+        pixDestroy(&pixims);
+        L_WARNING("can't make the maps\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+        /* Finally, for each connected region corresponding to the
+         * fg mask in each component, reset all pixels to their
+         * average value. */
+    if (pixim && fgpixels) {
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixmr, pixims, 2);
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixmg, pixims, 2);
+        pixSmoothConnectedRegions(pixmb, pixims, 2);
+        pixDestroy(&pixims);
+    }
+
+    *ppixmr = pixmr;
+    *ppixmg = pixmg;
+    *ppixmb = pixmb;
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmr, pixs);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmg, pixs);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmb, pixs);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixFillMapHoles()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pix        8 bpp; a map, with one pixel for each tile in
+ *                          a larger image
+ * \param[in]    nx         number of horizontal pixel tiles that are entirely
+ *                          covered with pixels in the original source image
+ * \param[in]    ny         ditto for the number of vertical pixel tiles
+ * \param[in]    filltype   L_FILL_WHITE or L_FILL_BLACK
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) This is an in-place operation on pix (the map).  pix is
+ *          typically a low-resolution version of some other image
+ *          from which it was derived, where each pixel in pix
+ *          corresponds to a rectangular tile (say, m x n) of pixels
+ *          in the larger image.  All we need to know about the larger
+ *          image is whether or not the rightmost column and bottommost
+ *          row of pixels in pix correspond to tiles that are
+ *          only partially covered by pixels in the larger image.
+ *      (2) Typically, some number of pixels in the input map are
+ *          not known, and their values must be determined by near
+ *          pixels that are known.  These unknown pixels are the 'holes'.
+ *          They can take on only two values, 0 and 255, and the
+ *          instruction about which to fill is given by the filltype flag.
+ *      (3) The "holes" can come from two sources.  The first is when there
+ *          are not enough foreground or background pixels in a tile;
+ *          the second is when a tile is at least partially covered
+ *          by an image mask.  If we're filling holes in a fg mask,
+ *          the holes are initialized to black (0) and use L_FILL_BLACK.
+ *          For filling holes in a bg mask, initialize the holes to
+ *          white (255) and use L_FILL_WHITE.
+ *      (4) If w is the map width, nx = w or nx = w - 1; ditto for h and ny.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixFillMapHoles(PIX     *pix,
+                l_int32  nx,
+                l_int32  ny,
+                l_int32  filltype)
+{
+l_int32   w, h, y, nmiss, goodcol, i, j, found, ival, valtest;
+l_uint32  val, lastval;
+NUMA     *na;  /* indicates if there is any data in the column */
+
+    if (!pix || pixGetDepth(pix) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pix not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pix))
+        return ERROR_INT("pix is colormapped", __func__, 1);
+
+    /* ------------- Fill holes in the mapping image columns ----------- */
+    pixGetDimensions(pix, &w, &h, NULL);
+    na = numaCreate(0);  /* holds flag for which columns have data */
+    nmiss = 0;
+    valtest = (filltype == L_FILL_WHITE) ? 255 : 0;
+    for (j = 0; j < nx; j++) {  /* do it by columns */
+        found = FALSE;
+        for (i = 0; i < ny; i++) {
+            pixGetPixel(pix, j, i, &val);
+            if (val != valtest) {
+                y = i;
+                found = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (found == FALSE) {
+            numaAddNumber(na, 0);  /* no data in the column */
+            nmiss++;
+        }
+        else {
+            numaAddNumber(na, 1);  /* data in the column */
+            for (i = y - 1; i >= 0; i--)  /* replicate upwards to top */
+                pixSetPixel(pix, j, i, val);
+            pixGetPixel(pix, j, 0, &lastval);
+            for (i = 1; i < h; i++) {  /* set going down to bottom */
+                pixGetPixel(pix, j, i, &val);
+                if (val == valtest)
+                    pixSetPixel(pix, j, i, lastval);
+                else
+                    lastval = val;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (nmiss == nx) {  /* no data in any column! */
+        numaDestroy(&na);
+        L_WARNING("no bg found; no data in any column\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* ---------- Fill in missing columns by replication ----------- */
+    if (nmiss > 0) {  /* replicate columns */
+            /* Find the first good column */
+        goodcol = 0;
+        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+            numaGetIValue(na, j, &ival);
+            if (ival == 1) {
+                goodcol = j;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (goodcol > 0) {  /* copy cols backward */
+            for (j = goodcol - 1; j >= 0; j--)
+                pixRasterop(pix, j, 0, 1, h, PIX_SRC, pix, j + 1, 0);
+        }
+        for (j = goodcol + 1; j < w; j++) {   /* copy cols forward */
+            numaGetIValue(na, j, &ival);
+            if (ival == 0) {
+                    /* Copy the column to the left of j */
+                pixRasterop(pix, j, 0, 1, h, PIX_SRC, pix, j - 1, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (w > nx) {  /* replicate the last column */
+        pixRasterop(pix, w - 1, 0, 1, h, PIX_SRC, pix, w - 2, 0);
+    }
+
+    numaDestroy(&na);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixExtendByReplication()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs    8 bpp
+ * \param[in]    addw    number of extra pixels horizontally to add
+ * \param[in]    addh    number of extra pixels vertically to add
+ * \return  pixd extended with replicated pixel values, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) The pixel values are extended to the left and down, as required.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixExtendByReplication(PIX     *pixs,
+                       l_int32  addw,
+                       l_int32  addh)
+{
+l_int32   w, h, i, j;
+l_uint32  val;
+PIX      *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+
+    if (addw == 0 && addh == 0)
+        return pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
+    if ((pixd = pixCreate(w + addw, h + addh, 8)) == NULL)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    pixRasterop(pixd, 0, 0, w, h, PIX_SRC, pixs, 0, 0);
+
+    if (addw > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+            pixGetPixel(pixd, w - 1, i, &val);
+            for (j = 0; j < addw; j++)
+                pixSetPixel(pixd, w + j, i, val);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (addh > 0) {
+        for (j = 0; j < w + addw; j++) {
+            pixGetPixel(pixd, j, h - 1, &val);
+            for (i = 0; i < addh; i++)
+                pixSetPixel(pixd, j, h + i, val);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixSmoothConnectedRegions()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs    8 bpp grayscale; no colormap
+ * \param[in]    pixm    [optional] 1 bpp; if null, this is a no-op
+ * \param[in]    factor  subsampling factor for getting average; >= 1
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) The pixels in pixs corresponding to those in each
+ *          8-connected region in the mask are set to the average value.
+ *      (2) This is required for adaptive mapping to avoid the
+ *          generation of stripes in the background map, due to
+ *          variations in the pixel values near the edges of mask regions.
+ *      (3) This function is optimized for background smoothing, where
+ *          there are a relatively small number of components.  It will
+ *          be inefficient if used where there are many small components.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixSmoothConnectedRegions(PIX     *pixs,
+                          PIX     *pixm,
+                          l_int32  factor)
+{
+l_int32    empty, i, n, x, y;
+l_float32  aveval;
+BOXA      *boxa;
+PIX       *pixmc;
+PIXA      *pixa;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs has colormap", __func__, 1);
+    if (!pixm) {
+        L_INFO("pixm not defined\n", __func__);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixm) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixm not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    pixZero(pixm, &empty);
+    if (empty) {
+        L_INFO("pixm has no fg pixels; nothing to do\n", __func__);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    boxa = pixConnComp(pixm, &pixa, 8);
+    n = boxaGetCount(boxa);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        if ((pixmc = pixaGetPix(pixa, i, L_CLONE)) == NULL) {
+            L_WARNING("missing pixmc!\n", __func__);
+            continue;
+        }
+        boxaGetBoxGeometry(boxa, i, &x, &y, NULL, NULL);
+        pixGetAverageMasked(pixs, pixmc, x, y, factor, L_MEAN_ABSVAL, &aveval);
+        pixPaintThroughMask(pixs, pixmc, x, y, (l_int32)aveval);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmc);
+    }
+
+    boxaDestroy(&boxa);
+    pixaDestroy(&pixa);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                 Measurement of local foreground                  *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+#if 0    /* Not working properly: do not use */
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGetForegroundGrayMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs      8 bpp
+ * \param[in]    pixim     [optional] 1 bpp 'image' mask; can be null
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy    src tile size, in pixels
+ * \param[in]    thresh    threshold for determining foreground
+ * \param[out]   ppixd     8 bpp grayscale map
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) Each (sx, sy) tile of pixs gets mapped to one pixel in pixd.
+ *      (2) pixd is the estimate of the fg (darkest) value within each tile.
+ *      (3) All pixels in pixd that are in 'image' regions, as specified
+ *          by pixim, are given the background value 0.
+ *      (4) For pixels in pixd that can't directly be given a fg value,
+ *          the value is inferred by propagating from neighboring pixels.
+ *      (5) In practice, pixd can be used to normalize the fg, and
+ *          it can be done after background normalization.
+ *      (6) The overall procedure is:
+ *            ~ reduce 2x by sampling
+ *            ~ paint all 'image' pixels white, so that they don't
+ *            ~ participate in the Min reduction
+ *            ~ do a further (sx, sy) Min reduction -- think of
+ *              it as a large opening followed by subsampling by the
+ *              reduction factors
+ *            ~ threshold the result to identify fg, and set the
+ *              bg pixels to 255 (these are 'holes')
+ *            ~ fill holes by propagation from fg values
+ *            ~ replicatively expand by 2x, arriving at the final
+ *              resolution of pixd
+ *            ~ smooth with a 17x17 kernel
+ *            ~ paint the 'image' regions black
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixGetForegroundGrayMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                        PIX     *pixim,
+                        l_int32  sx,
+                        l_int32  sy,
+                        l_int32  thresh,
+                        PIX    **ppixd)
+{
+l_int32  w, h, d, wd, hd;
+l_int32  empty, fgpixels;
+PIX     *pixd, *piximi, *pixim2, *pixims, *pixs2, *pixb, *pixt1, *pixt2, *pixt3;
+
+    if (!ppixd)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixd not defined", __func__, 1);
+    *ppixd = NULL;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined", __func__, 1);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
+    if (d != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixim && pixGetDepth(pixim) != 1)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixim not 1 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (sx < 2 || sy < 2)
+        return ERROR_INT("sx and sy must be >= 2", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* Generate pixd, which is reduced by the factors (sx, sy). */
+    wd = (w + sx - 1) / sx;
+    hd = (h + sy - 1) / sy;
+    pixd = pixCreate(wd, hd, 8);
+    *ppixd = pixd;
+
+        /* Evaluate the 'image' mask, pixim.  If it is all fg,
+         * the output pixd has all pixels with value 0. */
+    fgpixels = 0;  /* boolean for existence of fg pixels in the image mask. */
+    if (pixim) {
+        piximi = pixInvert(NULL, pixim);  /* set non-image pixels to 1 */
+        pixZero(piximi, &empty);
+        pixDestroy(&piximi);
+        if (empty)  /* all 'image'; return with all pixels set to 0 */
+            return 0;
+        pixZero(pixim, &empty);
+        if (!empty)  /* there are fg pixels in pixim */
+            fgpixels = 1;
+    }
+
+        /* 2x subsampling; paint white through 'image' mask. */
+    pixs2 = pixScaleBySampling(pixs, 0.5, 0.5);
+    if (pixim && fgpixels) {
+        pixim2 = pixReduceBinary2(pixim, NULL);
+        pixPaintThroughMask(pixs2, pixim2, 0, 0, 255);
+        pixDestroy(&pixim2);
+    }
+
+        /* Min (erosion) downscaling; total reduction (4 sx, 4 sy). */
+    pixt1 = pixScaleGrayMinMax(pixs2, sx, sy, L_CHOOSE_MIN);
+
+/*    pixDisplay(pixt1, 300, 200); */
+
+        /* Threshold to identify fg; paint bg pixels to white. */
+    pixb = pixThresholdToBinary(pixt1, thresh);  /* fg pixels */
+    pixInvert(pixb, pixb);
+    pixPaintThroughMask(pixt1, pixb, 0, 0, 255);
+    pixDestroy(&pixb);
+
+        /* Replicative expansion by 2x to (sx, sy). */
+    pixt2 = pixExpandReplicate(pixt1, 2);
+
+/*    pixDisplay(pixt2, 500, 200); */
+
+        /* Fill holes in the fg by propagation */
+    pixFillMapHoles(pixt2, w / sx, h / sy, L_FILL_WHITE);
+
+/*    pixDisplay(pixt2, 700, 200); */
+
+        /* Smooth with 17x17 kernel. */
+    pixt3 = pixBlockconv(pixt2, 8, 8);
+    pixRasterop(pixd, 0, 0, wd, hd, PIX_SRC, pixt3, 0, 0);
+
+        /* Paint the image parts black. */
+    pixims = pixScaleBySampling(pixim, 1. / sx, 1. / sy);
+    pixPaintThroughMask(pixd, pixims, 0, 0, 0);
+
+    pixDestroy(&pixs2);
+    pixDestroy(&pixt1);
+    pixDestroy(&pixt2);
+    pixDestroy(&pixt3);
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif   /* Not working properly: do not use */
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                  Generate inverted background map                *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGetInvBackgroundMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       8 bpp grayscale; no colormap
+ * \param[in]    bgval      target bg val; typ. > 128
+ * \param[in]    smoothx    half-width of block convolution kernel width
+ * \param[in]    smoothy    half-width of block convolution kernel height
+ * \return  pixd 16 bpp, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *     (1) bgval should typically be > 120 and < 240
+ *     (2) pixd is a normalization image; the original image is
+ *       multiplied by pixd and the result is divided by 256.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixGetInvBackgroundMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                       l_int32  bgval,
+                       l_int32  smoothx,
+                       l_int32  smoothy)
+{
+l_int32    w, h, wplsm, wpld, i, j;
+l_int32    val, val16;
+l_uint32  *datasm, *datad, *linesm, *lined;
+PIX       *pixsm, *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs has colormap", __func__, NULL);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
+    if (w < 5 || h < 5)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("w and h must be >= 5", __func__, NULL);
+
+        /* smooth the map image */
+    pixsm = pixBlockconv(pixs, smoothx, smoothy);
+    datasm = pixGetData(pixsm);
+    wplsm = pixGetWpl(pixsm);
+
+        /* invert the map image, scaling up to preserve dynamic range */
+    pixd = pixCreate(w, h, 16);
+    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
+    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+        linesm = datasm + i * wplsm;
+        lined = datad + i * wpld;
+        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+            val = GET_DATA_BYTE(linesm, j);
+            if (val > 0)
+                val16 = (256 * bgval) / val;
+            else {  /* shouldn't happen */
+                L_WARNING("smoothed bg has 0 pixel!\n", __func__);
+                val16 = bgval / 2;
+            }
+            SET_DATA_TWO_BYTES(lined, j, val16);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pixDestroy(&pixsm);
+    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                    Apply background map to image                 *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs    8 bpp grayscale; no colormap
+ * \param[in]    pixm    16 bpp, inverse background map
+ * \param[in]    sx      tile width in pixels
+ * \param[in]    sy      tile height in pixels
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp, or NULL on error
+ */
+PIX *
+pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                             PIX     *pixm,
+                             l_int32  sx,
+                             l_int32  sy)
+{
+l_int32    w, h, wm, hm, wpls, wpld, i, j, k, m, xoff, yoff;
+l_int32    vals, vald;
+l_uint32   val16;
+l_uint32  *datas, *datad, *lines, *lined, *flines, *flined;
+PIX       *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs has colormap", __func__, NULL);
+    if (!pixm || pixGetDepth(pixm) != 16)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixm undefined or not 16 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (sx == 0 || sy == 0)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid sx and/or sy", __func__, NULL);
+
+    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
+    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, NULL);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixm, &wm, &hm, NULL);
+    if ((pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs)) == NULL)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
+    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+    for (i = 0; i < hm; i++) {
+        lines = datas + sy * i * wpls;
+        lined = datad + sy * i * wpld;
+        yoff = sy * i;
+        for (j = 0; j < wm; j++) {
+            pixGetPixel(pixm, j, i, &val16);
+            xoff = sx * j;
+            for (k = 0; k < sy && yoff + k < h; k++) {
+                flines = lines + k * wpls;
+                flined = lined + k * wpld;
+                for (m = 0; m < sx && xoff + m < w; m++) {
+                    vals = GET_DATA_BYTE(flines, xoff + m);
+                    vald = (vals * val16) / 256;
+                    vald = L_MIN(vald, 255);
+                    SET_DATA_BYTE(flined, xoff + m, vald);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixApplyInvBackgroundRGBMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs    32 bpp rbg
+ * \param[in]    pixmr   16 bpp, red inverse background map
+ * \param[in]    pixmg   16 bpp, green inverse background map
+ * \param[in]    pixmb   16 bpp, blue inverse background map
+ * \param[in]    sx      tile width in pixels
+ * \param[in]    sy      tile height in pixels
+ * \return  pixd 32 bpp rbg, or NULL on error
+ */
+PIX *
+pixApplyInvBackgroundRGBMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                            PIX     *pixmr,
+                            PIX     *pixmg,
+                            PIX     *pixmb,
+                            l_int32  sx,
+                            l_int32  sy)
+{
+l_int32    w, h, wm, hm, wpls, wpld, i, j, k, m, xoff, yoff;
+l_int32    rvald, gvald, bvald;
+l_uint32   vals;
+l_uint32   rval16, gval16, bval16;
+l_uint32  *datas, *datad, *lines, *lined, *flines, *flined;
+PIX       *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 32 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (!pixmr || !pixmg || !pixmb)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix maps not all defined", __func__, NULL);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixmr) != 16 || pixGetDepth(pixmg) != 16 ||
+        pixGetDepth(pixmb) != 16)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix maps not all 16 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (sx == 0 || sy == 0)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid sx and/or sy", __func__, NULL);
+
+    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
+    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
+    w = pixGetWidth(pixs);
+    h = pixGetHeight(pixs);
+    wm = pixGetWidth(pixmr);
+    hm = pixGetHeight(pixmr);
+    if ((pixd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs)) == NULL)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
+    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+    for (i = 0; i < hm; i++) {
+        lines = datas + sy * i * wpls;
+        lined = datad + sy * i * wpld;
+        yoff = sy * i;
+        for (j = 0; j < wm; j++) {
+            pixGetPixel(pixmr, j, i, &rval16);
+            pixGetPixel(pixmg, j, i, &gval16);
+            pixGetPixel(pixmb, j, i, &bval16);
+            xoff = sx * j;
+            for (k = 0; k < sy && yoff + k < h; k++) {
+                flines = lines + k * wpls;
+                flined = lined + k * wpld;
+                for (m = 0; m < sx && xoff + m < w; m++) {
+                    vals = *(flines + xoff + m);
+                    rvald = ((vals >> 24) * rval16) / 256;
+                    rvald = L_MIN(rvald, 255);
+                    gvald = (((vals >> 16) & 0xff) * gval16) / 256;
+                    gvald = L_MIN(gvald, 255);
+                    bvald = (((vals >> 8) & 0xff) * bval16) / 256;
+                    bvald = L_MIN(bvald, 255);
+                    composeRGBPixel(rvald, gvald, bvald, flined + xoff + m);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                         Apply variable map                       *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixApplyVariableGrayMap()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs     8 bpp
+ * \param[in]    pixg     8 bpp, variable map
+ * \param[in]    target   typ. 128 for threshold
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) Suppose you have an image that you want to transform based
+ *          on some photometric measurement at each point, such as the
+ *          threshold value for binarization.  Representing the photometric
+ *          measurement as an image pixg, you can threshold in input image
+ *          using pixVarThresholdToBinary().  Alternatively, you can map
+ *          the input image pointwise so that the threshold over the
+ *          entire image becomes a constant, such as 128.  For example,
+ *          if a pixel in pixg is 150 and the target is 128, the
+ *          corresponding pixel in pixs is mapped linearly to a value
+ *          (128/150) of the input value.  If the resulting mapped image
+ *          pixd were then thresholded at 128, you would obtain the
+ *          same result as a direct binarization using pixg with
+ *          pixVarThresholdToBinary().
+ *      (2) The sizes of pixs and pixg must be equal.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixApplyVariableGrayMap(PIX     *pixs,
+                        PIX     *pixg,
+                        l_int32  target)
+{
+l_int32    i, j, w, h, d, wpls, wplg, wpld, vals, valg, vald;
+l_uint8   *lut;
+l_uint32  *datas, *datag, *datad, *lines, *lineg, *lined;
+l_float32  fval;
+PIX       *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    if (!pixg)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixg not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    if (!pixSizesEqual(pixs, pixg))
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pix sizes not equal", __func__, NULL);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
+    if (d != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("depth not 8 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+
+        /* Generate a LUT for the mapping if the image is large enough
+         * to warrant the overhead.  The LUT is of size 2^16.  For the
+         * index to the table, get the MSB from pixs and the LSB from pixg.
+         * Note: this LUT is bigger than the typical 32K L1 cache, so
+         * we expect cache misses.  L2 latencies are about 5ns.  But
+         * division is slooooow.  For large images, this function is about
+         * 4x faster when using the LUT.  C'est la vie.  */
+    lut = NULL;
+    if (w * h > 100000) {  /* more pixels than 2^16 */
+        lut = (l_uint8 *)LEPT_CALLOC(0x10000, sizeof(l_uint8));
+        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
+                fval = (l_float32)(i * target) / (j + 0.5);
+                lut[(i << 8) + j] = L_MIN(255, (l_int32)(fval + 0.5));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ((pixd = pixCreate(w, h, 8)) == NULL) {
+        LEPT_FREE(lut);
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    }
+    pixCopyResolution(pixd, pixs);
+    datad = pixGetData(pixd);
+    wpld = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+    datas = pixGetData(pixs);
+    wpls = pixGetWpl(pixs);
+    datag = pixGetData(pixg);
+    wplg = pixGetWpl(pixg);
+    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+        lines = datas + i * wpls;
+        lineg = datag + i * wplg;
+        lined = datad + i * wpld;
+        if (lut) {
+            for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+                vals = GET_DATA_BYTE(lines, j);
+                valg = GET_DATA_BYTE(lineg, j);
+                vald = lut[(vals << 8) + valg];
+                SET_DATA_BYTE(lined, j, vald);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+                vals = GET_DATA_BYTE(lines, j);
+                valg = GET_DATA_BYTE(lineg, j);
+                fval = (l_float32)(vals * target) / (valg + 0.5);
+                vald = L_MIN(255, (l_int32)(fval + 0.5));
+                SET_DATA_BYTE(lined, j, vald);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    LEPT_FREE(lut);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                  Non-adaptive (global) mapping                   *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGlobalNormRGB()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixd     [optional] null, existing or equal to pixs
+ * \param[in]    pixs     32 bpp rgb, or colormapped
+ * \param[in]    rval, gval, bval   pixel values in pixs that are
+ *                                  linearly mapped to mapval
+ * \param[in]    mapval   use 255 for mapping to white
+ * \return  pixd 32 bpp rgb or colormapped, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) The value of pixd determines if the results are written to a
+ *        new pix (use NULL), in-place to pixs (use pixs), or to some
+ *        other existing pix.
+ *    (2) This does a global normalization of an image where the
+ *        r,g,b color components are not balanced.  Thus, white in pixs is
+ *        represented by a set of r,g,b values that are not all 255.
+ *    (3) The input values (rval, gval, bval) should be chosen to
+ *        represent the gray color (mapval, mapval, mapval) in src.
+ *        Thus, this function will map (rval, gval, bval) to that gray color.
+ *    (4) Typically, mapval = 255, so that (rval, gval, bval)
+ *        corresponds to the white point of src.  In that case, these
+ *        parameters should be chosen so that few pixels have higher values.
+ *    (5) In all cases, we do a linear TRC separately on each of the
+ *        components, saturating at 255.
+ *    (6) If the input pix is 8 bpp without a colormap, you can get
+ *        this functionality with mapval = 255 by calling:
+ *            pixGammaTRC(pixd, pixs, 1.0, 0, bgval);
+ *        where bgval is the value you want to be mapped to 255.
+ *        Or more generally, if you want bgval to be mapped to mapval:
+ *            pixGammaTRC(pixd, pixs, 1.0, 0, 255 * bgval / mapval);
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixGlobalNormRGB(PIX     *pixd,
+                 PIX     *pixs,
+                 l_int32  rval,
+                 l_int32  gval,
+                 l_int32  bval,
+                 l_int32  mapval)
+{
+l_int32    w, h, d, i, j, ncolors, rv, gv, bv, wpl;
+l_int32   *rarray, *garray, *barray;
+l_uint32  *data, *line;
+NUMA      *nar, *nag, *nab;
+PIXCMAP   *cmap;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    cmap = pixGetColormap(pixs);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs, &w, &h, &d);
+    if (!cmap && d != 32)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not cmapped or 32 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (mapval <= 0) {
+        L_WARNING("mapval must be > 0; setting to 255\n", __func__);
+        mapval = 255;
+    }
+
+        /* Prepare pixd to be a copy of pixs */
+    if ((pixd = pixCopy(pixd, pixs)) == NULL)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+
+        /* Generate the TRC maps for each component.  Make sure the
+         * upper range for each color is greater than zero. */
+    nar = numaGammaTRC(1.0, 0, L_MAX(1, 255 * rval / mapval));
+    nag = numaGammaTRC(1.0, 0, L_MAX(1, 255 * gval / mapval));
+    nab = numaGammaTRC(1.0, 0, L_MAX(1, 255 * bval / mapval));
+
+        /* Extract copies of the internal arrays */
+    rarray = numaGetIArray(nar);
+    garray = numaGetIArray(nag);
+    barray = numaGetIArray(nab);
+    if (!nar || !nag || !nab || !rarray || !garray || !barray) {
+        L_ERROR("allocation failure in arrays\n", __func__);
+        goto cleanup_arrays;
+    }
+
+    if (cmap) {
+        ncolors = pixcmapGetCount(cmap);
+        for (i = 0; i < ncolors; i++) {
+            pixcmapGetColor(cmap, i, &rv, &gv, &bv);
+            pixcmapResetColor(cmap, i, rarray[rv], garray[gv], barray[bv]);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        data = pixGetData(pixd);
+        wpl = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+        for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+            line = data + i * wpl;
+            for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+                extractRGBValues(line[j], &rv, &gv, &bv);
+                composeRGBPixel(rarray[rv], garray[gv], barray[bv], line + j);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+cleanup_arrays:
+    numaDestroy(&nar);
+    numaDestroy(&nag);
+    numaDestroy(&nab);
+    LEPT_FREE(rarray);
+    LEPT_FREE(garray);
+    LEPT_FREE(barray);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixGlobalNormNoSatRGB()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixd       [optional] null, existing or equal to pixs
+ * \param[in]    pixs       32 bpp rgb
+ * \param[in]    rval, gval, bval   pixel values in pixs that are
+ *                                  linearly mapped to mapval; but see below
+ * \param[in]    factor     subsampling factor; integer >= 1
+ * \param[in]    rank       between 0.0 and 1.0; typ. use a value near 1.0
+ * \return  pixd 32 bpp rgb, or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a version of pixGlobalNormRGB(), where the output
+ *        intensity is scaled back so that a controlled fraction of
+ *        pixel components is allowed to saturate.  See comments in
+ *        pixGlobalNormRGB().
+ *    (2) The value of pixd determines if the results are written to a
+ *        new pix (use NULL), in-place to pixs (use pixs), or to some
+ *        other existing pix.
+ *    (3) This does a global normalization of an image where the
+ *        r,g,b color components are not balanced.  Thus, white in pixs is
+ *        represented by a set of r,g,b values that are not all 255.
+ *    (4) The input values (rval, gval, bval) can be chosen to be the
+ *        color that, after normalization, becomes white background.
+ *        For images that are mostly background, the closer these values
+ *        are to the median component values, the closer the resulting
+ *        background will be to gray, becoming white at the brightest places.
+ *    (5) The mapval used in pixGlobalNormRGB() is computed here to
+ *        avoid saturation of any component in the image (save for a
+ *        fraction of the pixels given by the input rank value).
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixGlobalNormNoSatRGB(PIX       *pixd,
+                      PIX       *pixs,
+                      l_int32    rval,
+                      l_int32    gval,
+                      l_int32    bval,
+                      l_int32    factor,
+                      l_float32  rank)
+{
+l_int32    mapval;
+l_float32  rankrval, rankgval, rankbval;
+l_float32  rfract, gfract, bfract, maxfract;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) != 32)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not 32 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (factor < 1)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sampling factor < 1", __func__, NULL);
+    if (rank < 0.0 || rank > 1.0)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("rank not in [0.0 ... 1.0]", __func__, NULL);
+    if (rval <= 0 || gval <= 0 || bval <= 0)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("invalid estim. color values", __func__, NULL);
+
+        /* The max value for each component may be larger than the
+         * input estimated background value.  In that case, mapping
+         * for those pixels would saturate.  To prevent saturation,
+         * we compute the fraction for each component by which we
+         * would oversaturate.  Then take the max of these, and
+         * reduce, uniformly over all components, the output intensity
+         * by this value.  Then no component will saturate.
+         * In practice, if rank < 1.0, a fraction of pixels
+         * may have a component saturate.  By keeping rank close to 1.0,
+         * that fraction can be made arbitrarily small. */
+    pixGetRankValueMaskedRGB(pixs, NULL, 0, 0, factor, rank, &rankrval,
+                             &rankgval, &rankbval);
+    rfract = rankrval / (l_float32)rval;
+    gfract = rankgval / (l_float32)gval;
+    bfract = rankbval / (l_float32)bval;
+    maxfract = L_MAX(rfract, gfract);
+    maxfract = L_MAX(maxfract, bfract);
+#if  DEBUG_GLOBAL
+    lept_stderr("rankrval = %7.2f, rankgval = %7.2f, rankbval = %7.2f\n",
+                rankrval, rankgval, rankbval);
+    lept_stderr("rfract = %7.4f, gfract = %7.4f, bfract = %7.4f\n",
+                rfract, gfract, bfract);
+#endif  /* DEBUG_GLOBAL */
+
+    mapval = (l_int32)(255. / maxfract);
+    pixd = pixGlobalNormRGB(pixd, pixs, rval, gval, bval, mapval);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *              Adaptive threshold spread normalization             *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixThresholdSpreadNorm()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs              8 bpp grayscale; not colormapped
+ * \param[in]    filtertype        L_SOBEL_EDGE or L_TWO_SIDED_EDGE;
+ * \param[in]    edgethresh        threshold on magnitude of edge filter;
+ *                                 typ 10-20
+ * \param[in]    smoothx, smoothy  half-width of convolution kernel applied to
+ *                                 spread threshold: use 0 for no smoothing
+ * \param[in]    gamma             gamma correction; typ. about 0.7
+ * \param[in]    minval            input value that gives 0 for output; typ. -25
+ * \param[in]    maxval            input value that gives 255 for output;
+ *                                 typ. 255
+ * \param[in]    targetthresh      target threshold for normalization
+ * \param[out]   ppixth            [optional] computed local threshold value
+ * \param[out]   ppixb             [optional] thresholded normalized image
+ * \param[out]   ppixd             [optional] normalized image
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) The basis of this approach is the use of seed spreading
+ *          on a (possibly) sparse set of estimates for the local threshold.
+ *          The resulting dense estimates are smoothed by convolution
+ *          and used to either threshold the input image or normalize it
+ *          with a local transformation that linearly maps the pixels so
+ *          that the local threshold estimate becomes constant over the
+ *          resulting image.  This approach is one of several that
+ *          have been suggested (and implemented) by Ray Smith.
+ *      (2) You can use either the Sobel or TwoSided edge filters.
+ *          The results appear to be similar, using typical values
+ *          of edgethresh in the rang 10-20.
+ *      (3) To skip the trc enhancement, use gamma = 1.0, minval = 0
+ *          and maxval = 255.
+ *      (4) For the normalized image pixd, each pixel is linearly mapped
+ *          in such a way that the local threshold is equal to targetthresh.
+ *      (5) The full width and height of the convolution kernel
+ *          are (2 * smoothx + 1) and (2 * smoothy + 1).
+ *      (6) This function can be used with the pixtiling utility if the
+ *          images are too large.  See pixOtsuAdaptiveThreshold() for
+ *          an example of this.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+l_ok
+pixThresholdSpreadNorm(PIX       *pixs,
+                       l_int32    filtertype,
+                       l_int32    edgethresh,
+                       l_int32    smoothx,
+                       l_int32    smoothy,
+                       l_float32  gamma,
+                       l_int32    minval,
+                       l_int32    maxval,
+                       l_int32    targetthresh,
+                       PIX      **ppixth,
+                       PIX      **ppixb,
+                       PIX      **ppixd)
+{
+PIX  *pixe, *pixet, *pixsd, *pixg1, *pixg2, *pixth;
+
+    if (ppixth) *ppixth = NULL;
+    if (ppixb) *ppixb = NULL;
+    if (ppixd) *ppixd = NULL;
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs is colormapped", __func__, 1);
+    if (!ppixth && !ppixb && !ppixd)
+        return ERROR_INT("no output requested", __func__, 1);
+    if (filtertype != L_SOBEL_EDGE && filtertype != L_TWO_SIDED_EDGE)
+        return ERROR_INT("invalid filter type", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* Get the thresholded edge pixels.  These are the ones
+         * that have values in pixs near the local optimal fg/bg threshold. */
+    if (filtertype == L_SOBEL_EDGE)
+        pixe = pixSobelEdgeFilter(pixs, L_VERTICAL_EDGES);
+    else  /* L_TWO_SIDED_EDGE */
+        pixe = pixTwoSidedEdgeFilter(pixs, L_VERTICAL_EDGES);
+    pixet = pixThresholdToBinary(pixe, edgethresh);
+    pixInvert(pixet, pixet);
+
+        /* Build a seed image whose only nonzero values are those
+         * values of pixs corresponding to pixels in the fg of pixet. */
+    pixsd = pixCreateTemplate(pixs);
+    pixCombineMasked(pixsd, pixs, pixet);
+
+        /* Spread the seed and optionally smooth to reduce noise */
+    pixg1 = pixSeedspread(pixsd, 4);
+    pixg2 = pixBlockconv(pixg1, smoothx, smoothy);
+
+        /* Optionally do a gamma enhancement */
+    pixth = pixGammaTRC(NULL, pixg2, gamma, minval, maxval);
+
+        /* Do the mapping and thresholding */
+    if (ppixd) {
+        *ppixd = pixApplyVariableGrayMap(pixs, pixth, targetthresh);
+        if (ppixb)
+            *ppixb = pixThresholdToBinary(*ppixd, targetthresh);
+    }
+    else if (ppixb)
+        *ppixb = pixVarThresholdToBinary(pixs, pixth);
+
+    if (ppixth)
+        *ppixth = pixth;
+    else
+        pixDestroy(&pixth);
+
+    pixDestroy(&pixe);
+    pixDestroy(&pixet);
+    pixDestroy(&pixsd);
+    pixDestroy(&pixg1);
+    pixDestroy(&pixg2);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *      Adaptive background normalization (flexible adaptaption)    *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormFlex()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs               8 bpp grayscale; not colormapped
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy             desired tile dimensions; size may vary;
+ *                                  use values between 3 and 10
+ * \param[in]    smoothx, smoothy   half-width of convolution kernel applied to
+ *                                  threshold array: use values between 1 and 3
+ * \param[in]    delta              difference parameter in basin filling;
+ *                                  use 0 to skip
+ * \return  pixd 8 bpp, background-normalized), or NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) This does adaptation flexibly to a quickly varying background.
+ *          For that reason, all input parameters should be small.
+ *      (2) sx and sy give the tile size; they should be in [5 - 7].
+ *      (3) The full width and height of the convolution kernel
+ *          are (2 * smoothx + 1) and (2 * smoothy + 1).  They
+ *          should be in [1 - 2].
+ *      (4) Basin filling is used to fill the large fg regions.  The
+ *          parameter %delta measures the height that the black
+ *          background is raised from the local minima.  By raising
+ *          the background, it is possible to threshold the large
+ *          fg regions to foreground.  If %delta is too large,
+ *          bg regions will be lifted, causing thickening of
+ *          the fg regions.  Use 0 to skip.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixBackgroundNormFlex(PIX     *pixs,
+                      l_int32  sx,
+                      l_int32  sy,
+                      l_int32  smoothx,
+                      l_int32  smoothy,
+                      l_int32  delta)
+{
+l_float32  scalex, scaley;
+PIX       *pixt, *pixsd, *pixmin, *pixbg, *pixbgi, *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, NULL);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs is colormapped", __func__, NULL);
+    if (sx < 3 || sy < 3)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sx and/or sy less than 3", __func__, NULL);
+    if (sx > 10 || sy > 10)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sx and/or sy exceed 10", __func__, NULL);
+    if (smoothx < 1 || smoothy < 1)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("smooth params less than 1", __func__, NULL);
+    if (smoothx > 3 || smoothy > 3)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("smooth params exceed 3", __func__, NULL);
+
+        /* Generate the bg estimate using smoothed average with subsampling */
+    scalex = 1. / (l_float32)sx;
+    scaley = 1. / (l_float32)sy;
+    pixt = pixScaleSmooth(pixs, scalex, scaley);
+
+        /* Do basin filling on the bg estimate if requested */
+    if (delta <= 0)
+        pixsd = pixClone(pixt);
+    else {
+        pixLocalExtrema(pixt, 0, 0, &pixmin, NULL);
+        pixsd = pixSeedfillGrayBasin(pixmin, pixt, delta, 4);
+        pixDestroy(&pixmin);
+    }
+    pixbg = pixExtendByReplication(pixsd, 1, 1);
+
+        /* Map the bg to 200 */
+    pixbgi = pixGetInvBackgroundMap(pixbg, 200, smoothx, smoothy);
+    pixd = pixApplyInvBackgroundGrayMap(pixs, pixbgi, sx, sy);
+
+    pixDestroy(&pixt);
+    pixDestroy(&pixsd);
+    pixDestroy(&pixbg);
+    pixDestroy(&pixbgi);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *                    Adaptive contrast normalization               *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixContrastNorm()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixd               [optional] 8 bpp; null or equal to pixs
+ * \param[in]    pixs               8 bpp grayscale; not colormapped
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy             tile dimensions
+ * \param[in]    mindiff            minimum difference to accept as valid
+ * \param[in]    smoothx, smoothy   half-width of convolution kernel applied to
+ *                                  min and max arrays: use 0 for no smoothing
+ * \return  pixd always
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) This function adaptively attempts to expand the contrast
+ *          to the full dynamic range in each tile.  If the contrast in
+ *          a tile is smaller than %mindiff, it uses the min and max
+ *          pixel values from neighboring tiles.  It also can use
+ *          convolution to smooth the min and max values from
+ *          neighboring tiles.  After all that processing, it is
+ *          possible that the actual pixel values in the tile are outside
+ *          the computed [min ... max] range for local contrast
+ *          normalization.  Such pixels are taken to be at either 0
+ *          (if below the min) or 255 (if above the max).
+ *      (2) pixd can be equal to pixs (in-place operation) or
+ *          null (makes a new pixd).
+ *      (3) sx and sy give the tile size; they are typically at least 20.
+ *      (4) mindiff is used to eliminate results for tiles where it is
+ *          likely that either fg or bg is missing.  A value around 50
+ *          or more is reasonable.
+ *      (5) The full width and height of the convolution kernel
+ *          are (2 * smoothx + 1) and (2 * smoothy + 1).  Some smoothing
+ *          is typically useful, and we limit the smoothing half-widths
+ *          to the range from 0 to 8.
+ *      (6) A linear TRC (gamma = 1.0) is applied to increase the contrast
+ *          in each tile.  The result can subsequently be globally corrected,
+ *          by applying pixGammaTRC() with arbitrary values of gamma
+ *          and the 0 and 255 points of the mapping.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixContrastNorm(PIX       *pixd,
+                PIX       *pixs,
+                l_int32    sx,
+                l_int32    sy,
+                l_int32    mindiff,
+                l_int32    smoothx,
+                l_int32    smoothy)
+{
+PIX  *pixmin, *pixmax;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, pixd);
+    if (pixd && pixd != pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not null or == pixs", __func__, pixd);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs is colormapped", __func__, pixd);
+    if (sx < 5 || sy < 5)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sx and/or sy less than 5", __func__, pixd);
+    if (smoothx < 0 || smoothy < 0)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("smooth params less than 0", __func__, pixd);
+    if (smoothx > 8 || smoothy > 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("smooth params exceed 8", __func__, pixd);
+
+        /* Get the min and max pixel values in each tile, and represent
+         * each value as a pixel in pixmin and pixmax, respectively. */
+    pixMinMaxTiles(pixs, sx, sy, mindiff, smoothx, smoothy, &pixmin, &pixmax);
+
+        /* For each tile, do a linear expansion of the dynamic range
+         * of pixels so that the min value is mapped to 0 and the
+         * max value is mapped to 255.  */
+    pixd = pixLinearTRCTiled(pixd, pixs, sx, sy, pixmin, pixmax);
+
+    pixDestroy(&pixmin);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmax);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixMinMaxTiles()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs               8 bpp grayscale; not colormapped
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy             tile dimensions
+ * \param[in]    mindiff            minimum difference to accept as valid
+ * \param[in]    smoothx, smoothy   half-width of convolution kernel applied to
+ *                                  min and max arrays: use 0 for no smoothing
+ * \param[out]   ppixmin            tiled minima
+ * \param[out]   ppixmax            tiled maxima
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) This computes filtered and smoothed values for the min and
+ *          max pixel values in each tile of the image.
+ *      (2) See pixContrastNorm() for usage.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+static l_ok
+pixMinMaxTiles(PIX     *pixs,
+               l_int32  sx,
+               l_int32  sy,
+               l_int32  mindiff,
+               l_int32  smoothx,
+               l_int32  smoothy,
+               PIX    **ppixmin,
+               PIX    **ppixmax)
+{
+l_int32  w, h;
+PIX     *pixmin1, *pixmax1, *pixmin2, *pixmax2;
+
+    if (ppixmin) *ppixmin = NULL;
+    if (ppixmax) *ppixmax = NULL;
+    if (!ppixmin || !ppixmax)
+        return ERROR_INT("&pixmin or &pixmax undefined", __func__, 1);
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs is colormapped", __func__, 1);
+    if (sx < 5 || sy < 5)
+        return ERROR_INT("sx and/or sy less than 3", __func__, 1);
+    if (smoothx < 0 || smoothy < 0)
+        return ERROR_INT("smooth params less than 0", __func__, 1);
+    if (smoothx > 5 || smoothy > 5)
+        return ERROR_INT("smooth params exceed 5", __func__, 1);
+
+        /* Get the min and max values in each tile */
+    pixmin1 = pixScaleGrayMinMax(pixs, sx, sy, L_CHOOSE_MIN);
+    pixmax1 = pixScaleGrayMinMax(pixs, sx, sy, L_CHOOSE_MAX);
+
+    pixmin2 = pixExtendByReplication(pixmin1, 1, 1);
+    pixmax2 = pixExtendByReplication(pixmax1, 1, 1);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmin1);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmax1);
+
+        /* Make sure no value is 0 */
+    pixAddConstantGray(pixmin2, 1);
+    pixAddConstantGray(pixmax2, 1);
+
+        /* Generate holes where the contrast is too small */
+    pixSetLowContrast(pixmin2, pixmax2, mindiff);
+
+        /* Fill the holes (0 values) */
+    pixGetDimensions(pixmin2, &w, &h, NULL);
+    pixFillMapHoles(pixmin2, w, h, L_FILL_BLACK);
+    pixFillMapHoles(pixmax2, w, h, L_FILL_BLACK);
+
+        /* Smooth if requested */
+    if (smoothx > 0 || smoothy > 0) {
+        smoothx = L_MIN(smoothx, (w - 1) / 2);
+        smoothy = L_MIN(smoothy, (h - 1) / 2);
+        *ppixmin = pixBlockconv(pixmin2, smoothx, smoothy);
+        *ppixmax = pixBlockconv(pixmax2, smoothx, smoothy);
+    }
+    else {
+        *ppixmin = pixClone(pixmin2);
+        *ppixmax = pixClone(pixmax2);
+    }
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmin, pixs);
+    pixCopyResolution(*ppixmax, pixs);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmin2);
+    pixDestroy(&pixmax2);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixSetLowContrast()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs1      8 bpp
+ * \param[in]    pixs2      8 bpp
+ * \param[in]    mindiff    minimum difference to accept as valid
+ * \return  0 if OK; 1 if no pixel diffs are large enough, or on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) This compares corresponding pixels in pixs1 and pixs2.
+ *          When they differ by less than %mindiff, set the pixel
+ *          values to 0 in each.  Each pixel typically represents a tile
+ *          in a larger image, and a very small difference between
+ *          the min and max in the tile indicates that the min and max
+ *          values are not to be trusted.
+ *      (2) If contrast (pixel difference) detection is expected to fail,
+ *          caller should check return value.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+static l_ok
+pixSetLowContrast(PIX     *pixs1,
+                  PIX     *pixs2,
+                  l_int32  mindiff)
+{
+l_int32    i, j, w, h, d, wpl, val1, val2, found;
+l_uint32  *data1, *data2, *line1, *line2;
+
+    if (!pixs1 || !pixs2)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs1 and pixs2 not both defined", __func__, 1);
+    if (pixSizesEqual(pixs1, pixs2) == 0)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs1 and pixs2 not equal size", __func__, 1);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixs1, &w, &h, &d);
+    if (d != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("depth not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+    if (mindiff > 254) return 0;
+
+    data1 = pixGetData(pixs1);
+    data2 = pixGetData(pixs2);
+    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixs1);
+    found = 0;  /* init to not finding any diffs >= mindiff */
+    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+        line1 = data1 + i * wpl;
+        line2 = data2 + i * wpl;
+        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+            val1 = GET_DATA_BYTE(line1, j);
+            val2 = GET_DATA_BYTE(line2, j);
+            if (L_ABS(val1 - val2) >= mindiff) {
+                found = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (found) break;
+    }
+    if (!found) {
+        L_WARNING("no pixel pair diffs as large as mindiff\n", __func__);
+        pixClearAll(pixs1);
+        pixClearAll(pixs2);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+        line1 = data1 + i * wpl;
+        line2 = data2 + i * wpl;
+        for (j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+            val1 = GET_DATA_BYTE(line1, j);
+            val2 = GET_DATA_BYTE(line2, j);
+            if (L_ABS(val1 - val2) < mindiff) {
+                SET_DATA_BYTE(line1, j, 0);
+                SET_DATA_BYTE(line2, j, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixLinearTRCTiled()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixd     [optional] 8 bpp
+ * \param[in]    pixs     8 bpp, not colormapped
+ * \param[in]    sx, sy   tile dimensions
+ * \param[in]    pixmin   pix of min values in tiles
+ * \param[in]    pixmax   pix of max values in tiles
+ * \return  pixd always
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *      (1) pixd can be equal to pixs (in-place operation) or
+ *          null (makes a new pixd).
+ *      (2) sx and sy give the tile size; they are typically at least 20.
+ *      (3) pixmin and pixmax are generated by pixMinMaxTiles()
+ *      (4) For each tile, this does a linear expansion of the dynamic
+ *          range so that the min value in the tile becomes 0 and the
+ *          max value in the tile becomes 255.
+ *      (5) The LUTs that do the mapping are generated as needed
+ *          and stored for reuse in an integer array within the ptr array iaa[].
+ * </pre>
+ */
+static PIX *
+pixLinearTRCTiled(PIX       *pixd,
+                  PIX       *pixs,
+                  l_int32    sx,
+                  l_int32    sy,
+                  PIX       *pixmin,
+                  PIX       *pixmax)
+{
+l_int32    i, j, k, m, w, h, wt, ht, wpl, wplt, xoff, yoff;
+l_int32    minval, maxval, val, sval;
+l_int32   *ia;
+l_int32  **iaa;
+l_uint32  *data, *datamin, *datamax, *line, *tline, *linemin, *linemax;
+
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs undefined or not 8 bpp", __func__, pixd);
+    if (pixd && pixd != pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not null or == pixs", __func__, pixd);
+    if (pixGetColormap(pixs))
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs is colormapped", __func__, pixd);
+    if (!pixmin || !pixmax)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixmin & pixmax not defined", __func__, pixd);
+    if (sx < 5 || sy < 5)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("sx and/or sy less than 5", __func__, pixd);
+
+    iaa = (l_int32 **)LEPT_CALLOC(256, sizeof(l_int32 *));
+    if ((pixd = pixCopy(pixd, pixs)) == NULL) {
+        LEPT_FREE(iaa);
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixd not made", __func__, NULL);
+    }
+    pixGetDimensions(pixd, &w, &h, NULL);
+
+    data = pixGetData(pixd);
+    wpl = pixGetWpl(pixd);
+    datamin = pixGetData(pixmin);
+    datamax = pixGetData(pixmax);
+    wplt = pixGetWpl(pixmin);
+    pixGetDimensions(pixmin, &wt, &ht, NULL);
+    for (i = 0; i < ht; i++) {
+        line = data + sy * i * wpl;
+        linemin = datamin + i * wplt;
+        linemax = datamax + i * wplt;
+        yoff = sy * i;
+        for (j = 0; j < wt; j++) {
+            xoff = sx * j;
+            minval = GET_DATA_BYTE(linemin, j);
+            maxval = GET_DATA_BYTE(linemax, j);
+            if (maxval == minval) {
+                L_ERROR("shouldn't happen! i,j = %d,%d, minval = %d\n",
+                        __func__, i, j, minval);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ((ia = iaaGetLinearTRC(iaa, maxval - minval)) == NULL) {
+                L_ERROR("failure to make ia for j = %d!\n", __func__, j);
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (k = 0; k < sy && yoff + k < h; k++) {
+                tline = line + k * wpl;
+                for (m = 0; m < sx && xoff + m < w; m++) {
+                    val = GET_DATA_BYTE(tline, xoff + m);
+                    sval = val - minval;
+                    sval = L_MAX(0, sval);
+                    SET_DATA_BYTE(tline, xoff + m, ia[sval]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+        LEPT_FREE(iaa[i]);
+    LEPT_FREE(iaa);
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   iaaGetLinearTRC()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    iaa     bare array of ptrs to l_int32
+ * \param[in]    diff    between min and max pixel values that are
+ *                       to be mapped to 0 and 255
+ * \return  ia LUT with input (val - minval) and output a
+ *                  value between 0 and 255)
+ */
+static l_int32 *
+iaaGetLinearTRC(l_int32  **iaa,
+                l_int32    diff)
+{
+l_int32    i;
+l_int32   *ia;
+l_float32  factor;
+
+    if (!iaa)
+        return (l_int32 *)ERROR_PTR("iaa not defined", __func__, NULL);
+
+    if (iaa[diff] != NULL)  /* already have it */
+       return iaa[diff];
+
+    ia = (l_int32 *)LEPT_CALLOC(256, sizeof(l_int32));
+    iaa[diff] = ia;
+    if (diff == 0) {  /* shouldn't happen */
+        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+            ia[i] = 128;
+    }
+    else {
+        factor = 255. / (l_float32)diff;
+        for (i = 0; i < diff + 1; i++)
+            ia[i] = (l_int32)(factor * i + 0.5);
+        for (i = diff + 1; i < 256; i++)
+            ia[i] = 255;
+    }
+
+    return ia;
+}
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ *   Adaptive normalization with MinMax conversion of RGB to gray,  *
+ *   contrast enhancement and optional 2x upscale binarization      *
+ *------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixBackgroundNormTo1MinMax()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs          any depth, with or without colormap
+ * \param[in]    contrast      1 to 10: 1 reduces contrast; 10 is maximum
+ *                             enhancement
+ * \param[in]    scalefactor   1 (no change); 2 (2x upscale)
+ * \return  1 bpp pix if OK; NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a convenience binarization function that does four things:
+ *        * Generates a grayscale image with color enhancement to gray
+ *        * Background normalization
+ *        * Optional contrast enhancement
+ *        * Binarizes either at input resolution or with 2x upscaling
+ *    (2) If the %pixs is 1 bpp, returns a copy.
+ *    (3) The contrast increasing parameter %contrast takes values {1, ... 10}.
+ *        For decent scans, contrast = 1 is recommended.  Use a larger
+ *        value if important details are lost in binarization.
+ *    (4) Valid values of %scalefactor are 1 and 2.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixBackgroundNormTo1MinMax(PIX     *pixs,
+                           l_int32  contrast,
+                           l_int32  scalefactor)
+{
+PIX  *pix1, *pix2, *pixd;
+
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+    if (contrast < 1 || contrast > 10)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("contrast not in [1 ... 10]", __func__, NULL);
+    if (scalefactor != 1 && scalefactor != 2)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("scalefactor not 1 or 2", __func__, NULL);
+
+    if (pixGetDepth(pixs) == 1) {
+        pixd = pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+    } else {
+        pix1 = pixConvertTo8MinMax(pixs);
+        pix2 = pixBackgroundNormSimple(pix1, NULL, NULL);
+        pixSelectiveContrastMod(pix2, contrast);
+        if (scalefactor == 1)
+            pixd = pixThresholdToBinary(pix2, 180);
+        else  /* scalefactor == 2 */
+            pixd = pixScaleGray2xLIThresh(pix2, 180);
+        pixDestroy(&pix1);
+        pixDestroy(&pix2);
+    }
+    return pixd;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixConvertTo8MinMax()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       any depth, with or without colormap
+ * \return  8 bpp pix if OK; NULL on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This is a special version of pixConvert1To8() that removes any
+ *        existing colormap and uses pixConvertRGBToGrayMinMax()
+ *        to strongly render color into black.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+PIX *
+pixConvertTo8MinMax(PIX  *pixs)
+{
+    l_int32 d;
+    if (!pixs)
+        return (PIX *)ERROR_PTR("pixs not defined", __func__, NULL);
+
+    d = pixGetDepth(pixs);
+    if (d == 1) {
+        return pixConvert1To8(NULL, pixs, 255, 0);
+    } else if (d == 2) {
+        return pixConvert2To8(pixs, 0, 85, 170, 255, FALSE);
+    } else if (d == 4) {
+        return pixConvert4To8(pixs, FALSE);
+    } else if (d == 8) {
+        if (pixGetColormap(pixs) != NULL)
+            return pixRemoveColormap(pixs, REMOVE_CMAP_TO_GRAYSCALE);
+        else
+            return pixCopy(NULL, pixs);
+    } else if (d == 16) {
+        return pixConvert16To8(pixs, L_MS_BYTE);
+    } else if (d == 32) {
+        return pixConvertRGBToGrayMinMax(pixs, L_CHOOSE_MIN);
+    }
+
+    L_ERROR("Invalid depth d = %d\n", __func__, d);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \brief   pixSelectiveContrastMod()
+ *
+ * \param[in]    pixs       8 bpp without colormap
+ * \param[in]    contrast   1 (default value) for some contrast reduction;
+ *                          10 for maximum contrast enhancement.
+ * \return  0 if OK, 1 on error
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * Notes:
+ *    (1) This does in-place contrast enhancement on 8 bpp grayscale that
+ *        has been background normalized to 200.  Therefore, there should
+ *        be no gray pixels above 200 in %pixs.  For general contrast
+ *        enhancement on gray or color images, see pixContrastTRC().
+ *    (2) Caller restricts %contrast to [1 ... 10].
+ *    (3) Use %contrast = 1 for minimum contrast enhancement (which will
+ *        remove some speckle noise) and %contrast = 10 for maximum
+ *        darkening.
+ *    (4) We use 200 for the white point in all transforms.  Using a
+ *        white point above 200 will darken all grayscale pixels.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+static l_ok
+pixSelectiveContrastMod(PIX     *pixs,
+                        l_int32  contrast)
+{
+    if (!pixs || pixGetDepth(pixs) != 8)
+        return ERROR_INT("pixs not defined or not 8 bpp", __func__, 1);
+
+    if (contrast == 1)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 2.0, 50, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 2)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 1.8, 60, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 3)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 1.6, 70, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 4)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 1.4, 80, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 5)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 1.2, 90, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 6)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 1.0, 100, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 7)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 0.85, 110, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 8)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 0.7, 120, 200);
+    else if (contrast == 9)
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 0.6, 130, 200);
+    else  /* contrast == 10 */
+        pixGammaTRC(pixs, pixs, 0.5, 140, 200);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+