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7 Network Working Group P. Deutsch
8 Request for Comments: 1950 Aladdin Enterprises
9 Category: Informational J-L. Gailly
10 Info-ZIP
11 May 1996
12
13
14 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3
15
16 Status of This Memo
17
18 This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
19 does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
20 this memo is unlimited.
21
22 IESG Note:
23
24 The IESG takes no position on the validity of any Intellectual
25 Property Rights statements contained in this document.
26
27 Notices
28
29 Copyright (c) 1996 L. Peter Deutsch and Jean-Loup Gailly
30
31 Permission is granted to copy and distribute this document for any
32 purpose and without charge, including translations into other
33 languages and incorporation into compilations, provided that the
34 copyright notice and this notice are preserved, and that any
35 substantive changes or deletions from the original are clearly
36 marked.
37
38 A pointer to the latest version of this and related documentation in
39 HTML format can be found at the URL
40 <ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png/documents/zlib/zdoc-index.html>.
41
42 Abstract
43
44 This specification defines a lossless compressed data format. The
45 data can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
46 sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a priori
47 bounded amount of intermediate storage. The format presently uses
48 the DEFLATE compression method but can be easily extended to use
49 other compression methods. It can be implemented readily in a manner
50 not covered by patents. This specification also defines the ADLER-32
51 checksum (an extension and improvement of the Fletcher checksum),
52 used for detection of data corruption, and provides an algorithm for
53 computing it.
54
55
56
57
58 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 1]
59
60 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
61
62
63 Table of Contents
64
65 1. Introduction ................................................... 2
66 1.1. Purpose ................................................... 2
67 1.2. Intended audience ......................................... 3
68 1.3. Scope ..................................................... 3
69 1.4. Compliance ................................................ 3
70 1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used ................ 3
71 1.6. Changes from previous versions ............................ 3
72 2. Detailed specification ......................................... 3
73 2.1. Overall conventions ....................................... 3
74 2.2. Data format ............................................... 4
75 2.3. Compliance ................................................ 7
76 3. References ..................................................... 7
77 4. Source code .................................................... 8
78 5. Security Considerations ........................................ 8
79 6. Acknowledgements ............................................... 8
80 7. Authors' Addresses ............................................. 8
81 8. Appendix: Rationale ............................................ 9
82 9. Appendix: Sample code ..........................................10
83
84 1. Introduction
85
86 1.1. Purpose
87
88 The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless
89 compressed data format that:
90
91 * Is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system,
92 and character set, and hence can be used for interchange;
93
94 * Can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
95 sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a
96 priori bounded amount of intermediate storage, and hence can
97 be used in data communications or similar structures such as
98 Unix filters;
99
100 * Can use a number of different compression methods;
101
102 * Can be implemented readily in a manner not covered by
103 patents, and hence can be practiced freely.
104
105 The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to
106 allow random access to compressed data.
107
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111
112
113
114 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 2]
115
116 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
117
118
119 1.2. Intended audience
120
121 This specification is intended for use by implementors of software
122 to compress data into zlib format and/or decompress data from zlib
123 format.
124
125 The text of the specification assumes a basic background in
126 programming at the level of bits and other primitive data
127 representations.
128
129 1.3. Scope
130
131 The specification specifies a compressed data format that can be
132 used for in-memory compression of a sequence of arbitrary bytes.
133
134 1.4. Compliance
135
136 Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be
137 able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all
138 the specifications presented here; a compliant compressor must
139 produce data sets that conform to all the specifications presented
140 here.
141
142 1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used
143
144 byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet).
145 (For this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on
146 machines which store a character on a number of bits different
147 from 8.) See below, for the numbering of bits within a byte.
148
149 1.6. Changes from previous versions
150
151 Version 3.1 was the first public release of this specification.
152 In version 3.2, some terminology was changed and the Adler-32
153 sample code was rewritten for clarity. In version 3.3, the
154 support for a preset dictionary was introduced, and the
155 specification was converted to RFC style.
156
157 2. Detailed specification
158
159 2.1. Overall conventions
160
161 In the diagrams below, a box like this:
162
163 +---+
164 | | <-- the vertical bars might be missing
165 +---+
166
167
168
169
170 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 3]
171
172 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
173
174
175 represents one byte; a box like this:
176
177 +==============+
178 | |
179 +==============+
180
181 represents a variable number of bytes.
182
183 Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since
184 they are always treated as a unit. However, a byte considered as
185 an integer between 0 and 255 does have a most- and least-
186 significant bit, and since we write numbers with the most-
187 significant digit on the left, we also write bytes with the most-
188 significant bit on the left. In the diagrams below, we number the
189 bits of a byte so that bit 0 is the least-significant bit, i.e.,
190 the bits are numbered:
191
192 +--------+
193 |76543210|
194 +--------+
195
196 Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes. All
197 multi-byte numbers in the format described here are stored with
198 the MOST-significant byte first (at the lower memory address).
199 For example, the decimal number 520 is stored as:
200
201 0 1
202 +--------+--------+
203 |00000010|00001000|
204 +--------+--------+
205 ^ ^
206 | |
207 | + less significant byte = 8
208 + more significant byte = 2 x 256
209
210 2.2. Data format
211
212 A zlib stream has the following structure:
213
214 0 1
215 +---+---+
216 |CMF|FLG| (more-->)
217 +---+---+
218
219
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225
226 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 4]
227
228 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
229
230
231 (if FLG.FDICT set)
232
233 0 1 2 3
234 +---+---+---+---+
235 | DICTID | (more-->)
236 +---+---+---+---+
237
238 +=====================+---+---+---+---+
239 |...compressed data...| ADLER32 |
240 +=====================+---+---+---+---+
241
242 Any data which may appear after ADLER32 are not part of the zlib
243 stream.
244
245 CMF (Compression Method and flags)
246 This byte is divided into a 4-bit compression method and a 4-
247 bit information field depending on the compression method.
248
249 bits 0 to 3 CM Compression method
250 bits 4 to 7 CINFO Compression info
251
252 CM (Compression method)
253 This identifies the compression method used in the file. CM = 8
254 denotes the "deflate" compression method with a window size up
255 to 32K. This is the method used by gzip and PNG (see
256 references [1] and [2] in Chapter 3, below, for the reference
257 documents). CM = 15 is reserved. It might be used in a future
258 version of this specification to indicate the presence of an
259 extra field before the compressed data.
260
261 CINFO (Compression info)
262 For CM = 8, CINFO is the base-2 logarithm of the LZ77 window
263 size, minus eight (CINFO=7 indicates a 32K window size). Values
264 of CINFO above 7 are not allowed in this version of the
265 specification. CINFO is not defined in this specification for
266 CM not equal to 8.
267
268 FLG (FLaGs)
269 This flag byte is divided as follows:
270
271 bits 0 to 4 FCHECK (check bits for CMF and FLG)
272 bit 5 FDICT (preset dictionary)
273 bits 6 to 7 FLEVEL (compression level)
274
275 The FCHECK value must be such that CMF and FLG, when viewed as
276 a 16-bit unsigned integer stored in MSB order (CMF*256 + FLG),
277 is a multiple of 31.
278
279
280
281
282 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 5]
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284 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
285
286
287 FDICT (Preset dictionary)
288 If FDICT is set, a DICT dictionary identifier is present
289 immediately after the FLG byte. The dictionary is a sequence of
290 bytes which are initially fed to the compressor without
291 producing any compressed output. DICT is the Adler-32 checksum
292 of this sequence of bytes (see the definition of ADLER32
293 below). The decompressor can use this identifier to determine
294 which dictionary has been used by the compressor.
295
296 FLEVEL (Compression level)
297 These flags are available for use by specific compression
298 methods. The "deflate" method (CM = 8) sets these flags as
299 follows:
300
301 0 - compressor used fastest algorithm
302 1 - compressor used fast algorithm
303 2 - compressor used default algorithm
304 3 - compressor used maximum compression, slowest algorithm
305
306 The information in FLEVEL is not needed for decompression; it
307 is there to indicate if recompression might be worthwhile.
308
309 compressed data
310 For compression method 8, the compressed data is stored in the
311 deflate compressed data format as described in the document
312 "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification" by L. Peter
313 Deutsch. (See reference [3] in Chapter 3, below)
314
315 Other compressed data formats are not specified in this version
316 of the zlib specification.
317
318 ADLER32 (Adler-32 checksum)
319 This contains a checksum value of the uncompressed data
320 (excluding any dictionary data) computed according to Adler-32
321 algorithm. This algorithm is a 32-bit extension and improvement
322 of the Fletcher algorithm, used in the ITU-T X.224 / ISO 8073
323 standard. See references [4] and [5] in Chapter 3, below)
324
325 Adler-32 is composed of two sums accumulated per byte: s1 is
326 the sum of all bytes, s2 is the sum of all s1 values. Both sums
327 are done modulo 65521. s1 is initialized to 1, s2 to zero. The
328 Adler-32 checksum is stored as s2*65536 + s1 in most-
329 significant-byte first (network) order.
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338 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 6]
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340 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
341
342
343 2.3. Compliance
344
345 A compliant compressor must produce streams with correct CMF, FLG
346 and ADLER32, but need not support preset dictionaries. When the
347 zlib data format is used as part of another standard data format,
348 the compressor may use only preset dictionaries that are specified
349 by this other data format. If this other format does not use the
350 preset dictionary feature, the compressor must not set the FDICT
351 flag.
352
353 A compliant decompressor must check CMF, FLG, and ADLER32, and
354 provide an error indication if any of these have incorrect values.
355 A compliant decompressor must give an error indication if CM is
356 not one of the values defined in this specification (only the
357 value 8 is permitted in this version), since another value could
358 indicate the presence of new features that would cause subsequent
359 data to be interpreted incorrectly. A compliant decompressor must
360 give an error indication if FDICT is set and DICTID is not the
361 identifier of a known preset dictionary. A decompressor may
362 ignore FLEVEL and still be compliant. When the zlib data format
363 is being used as a part of another standard format, a compliant
364 decompressor must support all the preset dictionaries specified by
365 the other format. When the other format does not use the preset
366 dictionary feature, a compliant decompressor must reject any
367 stream in which the FDICT flag is set.
368
369 3. References
370
371 [1] Deutsch, L.P.,"GZIP Compressed Data Format Specification",
372 available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/doc/
373
374 [2] Thomas Boutell, "PNG (Portable Network Graphics) specification",
375 available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png/documents/
376
377 [3] Deutsch, L.P.,"DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification",
378 available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/doc/
379
380 [4] Fletcher, J. G., "An Arithmetic Checksum for Serial
381 Transmissions," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-30,
382 No. 1, January 1982, pp. 247-252.
383
384 [5] ITU-T Recommendation X.224, Annex D, "Checksum Algorithms,"
385 November, 1993, pp. 144, 145. (Available from
386 gopher://info.itu.ch). ITU-T X.244 is also the same as ISO 8073.
387
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394 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 7]
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396 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
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398
399 4. Source code
400
401 Source code for a C language implementation of a "zlib" compliant
402 library is available at ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/zlib/.
403
404 5. Security Considerations
405
406 A decoder that fails to check the ADLER32 checksum value may be
407 subject to undetected data corruption.
408
409 6. Acknowledgements
410
411 Trademarks cited in this document are the property of their
412 respective owners.
413
414 Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler designed the zlib format and wrote
415 the related software described in this specification. Glenn
416 Randers-Pehrson converted this document to RFC and HTML format.
417
418 7. Authors' Addresses
419
420 L. Peter Deutsch
421 Aladdin Enterprises
422 203 Santa Margarita Ave.
423 Menlo Park, CA 94025
424
425 Phone: (415) 322-0103 (AM only)
426 FAX: (415) 322-1734
427 EMail: <ghost@aladdin.com>
428
429
430 Jean-Loup Gailly
431
432 EMail: <gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu>
433
434 Questions about the technical content of this specification can be
435 sent by email to
436
437 Jean-Loup Gailly <gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu> and
438 Mark Adler <madler@alumni.caltech.edu>
439
440 Editorial comments on this specification can be sent by email to
441
442 L. Peter Deutsch <ghost@aladdin.com> and
443 Glenn Randers-Pehrson <randeg@alumni.rpi.edu>
444
445
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450 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 8]
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452 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
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454
455 8. Appendix: Rationale
456
457 8.1. Preset dictionaries
458
459 A preset dictionary is specially useful to compress short input
460 sequences. The compressor can take advantage of the dictionary
461 context to encode the input in a more compact manner. The
462 decompressor can be initialized with the appropriate context by
463 virtually decompressing a compressed version of the dictionary
464 without producing any output. However for certain compression
465 algorithms such as the deflate algorithm this operation can be
466 achieved without actually performing any decompression.
467
468 The compressor and the decompressor must use exactly the same
469 dictionary. The dictionary may be fixed or may be chosen among a
470 certain number of predefined dictionaries, according to the kind
471 of input data. The decompressor can determine which dictionary has
472 been chosen by the compressor by checking the dictionary
473 identifier. This document does not specify the contents of
474 predefined dictionaries, since the optimal dictionaries are
475 application specific. Standard data formats using this feature of
476 the zlib specification must precisely define the allowed
477 dictionaries.
478
479 8.2. The Adler-32 algorithm
480
481 The Adler-32 algorithm is much faster than the CRC32 algorithm yet
482 still provides an extremely low probability of undetected errors.
483
484 The modulo on unsigned long accumulators can be delayed for 5552
485 bytes, so the modulo operation time is negligible. If the bytes
486 are a, b, c, the second sum is 3a + 2b + c + 3, and so is position
487 and order sensitive, unlike the first sum, which is just a
488 checksum. That 65521 is prime is important to avoid a possible
489 large class of two-byte errors that leave the check unchanged.
490 (The Fletcher checksum uses 255, which is not prime and which also
491 makes the Fletcher check insensitive to single byte changes 0 <->
492 255.)
493
494 The sum s1 is initialized to 1 instead of zero to make the length
495 of the sequence part of s2, so that the length does not have to be
496 checked separately. (Any sequence of zeroes has a Fletcher
497 checksum of zero.)
498
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506 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 9]
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508 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
509
510
511 9. Appendix: Sample code
512
513 The following C code computes the Adler-32 checksum of a data buffer.
514 It is written for clarity, not for speed. The sample code is in the
515 ANSI C programming language. Non C users may find it easier to read
516 with these hints:
517
518 & Bitwise AND operator.
519 >> Bitwise right shift operator. When applied to an
520 unsigned quantity, as here, right shift inserts zero bit(s)
521 at the left.
522 << Bitwise left shift operator. Left shift inserts zero
523 bit(s) at the right.
524 ++ "n++" increments the variable n.
525 % modulo operator: a % b is the remainder of a divided by b.
526
527 #define BASE 65521 /* largest prime smaller than 65536 */
528
529 /*
530 Update a running Adler-32 checksum with the bytes buf[0..len-1]
531 and return the updated checksum. The Adler-32 checksum should be
532 initialized to 1.
533
534 Usage example:
535
536 unsigned long adler = 1L;
537
538 while (read_buffer(buffer, length) != EOF) {
539 adler = update_adler32(adler, buffer, length);
540 }
541 if (adler != original_adler) error();
542 */
543 unsigned long update_adler32(unsigned long adler,
544 unsigned char *buf, int len)
545 {
546 unsigned long s1 = adler & 0xffff;
547 unsigned long s2 = (adler >> 16) & 0xffff;
548 int n;
549
550 for (n = 0; n < len; n++) {
551 s1 = (s1 + buf[n]) % BASE;
552 s2 = (s2 + s1) % BASE;
553 }
554 return (s2 << 16) + s1;
555 }
556
557 /* Return the adler32 of the bytes buf[0..len-1] */
558
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562 Deutsch & Gailly Informational [Page 10]
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564 RFC 1950 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
565
566
567 unsigned long adler32(unsigned char *buf, int len)
568 {
569 return update_adler32(1L, buf, len);
570 }
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