Mercurial > hgrepos > Python2 > PyMuPDF
annotate mupdf-source/thirdparty/libjpeg/jpegtran.1 @ 46:7ee69f120f19 default tip
>>>>> tag v1.26.5+1 for changeset b74429b0f5c4
| author | Franz Glasner <fzglas.hg@dom66.de> |
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| date | Sat, 11 Oct 2025 17:17:30 +0200 |
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1 .TH JPEGTRAN 1 "28 August 2019" |
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2 .SH NAME |
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3 jpegtran \- lossless transformation of JPEG files |
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4 .SH SYNOPSIS |
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5 .B jpegtran |
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6 [ |
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7 .I options |
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8 ] |
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9 [ |
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10 .I filename |
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11 ] |
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12 .LP |
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13 .SH DESCRIPTION |
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14 .LP |
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15 .B jpegtran |
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16 performs various useful transformations of JPEG files. |
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17 It can translate the coded representation from one variant of JPEG to another, |
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18 for example from baseline JPEG to progressive JPEG or vice versa. It can also |
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19 perform some rearrangements of the image data, for example turning an image |
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20 from landscape to portrait format by rotation. |
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21 .PP |
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22 For EXIF files and JPEG files containing Exif data, you may prefer to use |
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23 .B exiftran |
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24 instead. |
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25 .PP |
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26 .B jpegtran |
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27 works by rearranging the compressed data (DCT coefficients), without |
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28 ever fully decoding the image. Therefore, its transformations are lossless: |
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29 there is no image degradation at all, which would not be true if you used |
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30 .B djpeg |
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31 followed by |
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32 .B cjpeg |
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33 to accomplish the same conversion. But by the same token, |
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34 .B jpegtran |
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35 cannot perform lossy operations such as changing the image quality. However, |
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36 while the image data is losslessly transformed, metadata can be removed. See |
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37 the |
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38 .B \-copy |
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39 option for specifics. |
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40 .PP |
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41 .B jpegtran |
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42 reads the named JPEG/JFIF file, or the standard input if no file is |
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43 named, and produces a JPEG/JFIF file on the standard output. |
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44 .SH OPTIONS |
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45 All switch names may be abbreviated; for example, |
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46 .B \-optimize |
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47 may be written |
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48 .B \-opt |
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49 or |
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50 .BR \-o . |
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51 Upper and lower case are equivalent. |
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52 British spellings are also accepted (e.g., |
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53 .BR \-optimise ), |
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54 though for brevity these are not mentioned below. |
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55 .PP |
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56 To specify the coded JPEG representation used in the output file, |
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57 .B jpegtran |
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58 accepts a subset of the switches recognized by |
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59 .BR cjpeg : |
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60 .TP |
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61 .B \-optimize |
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62 Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters. |
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63 .TP |
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64 .B \-progressive |
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65 Create progressive JPEG file. |
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66 .TP |
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67 .BI \-restart " N" |
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68 Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every N MCU blocks if "B" is |
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69 attached to the number. |
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70 .TP |
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71 .B \-arithmetic |
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72 Use arithmetic coding. |
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73 .TP |
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74 .BI \-scans " file" |
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75 Use the scan script given in the specified text file. |
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76 .PP |
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77 See |
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78 .BR cjpeg (1) |
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79 for more details about these switches. |
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80 If you specify none of these switches, you get a plain baseline-JPEG output |
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81 file. The quality setting and so forth are determined by the input file. |
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82 .PP |
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83 The image can be losslessly transformed by giving one of these switches: |
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84 .TP |
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85 .B \-flip horizontal |
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86 Mirror image horizontally (left-right). |
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87 .TP |
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88 .B \-flip vertical |
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89 Mirror image vertically (top-bottom). |
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90 .TP |
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91 .B \-rotate 90 |
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92 Rotate image 90 degrees clockwise. |
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93 .TP |
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94 .B \-rotate 180 |
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95 Rotate image 180 degrees. |
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96 .TP |
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97 .B \-rotate 270 |
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98 Rotate image 270 degrees clockwise (or 90 ccw). |
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99 .TP |
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100 .B \-transpose |
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101 Transpose image (across UL-to-LR axis). |
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102 .TP |
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103 .B \-transverse |
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104 Transverse transpose (across UR-to-LL axis). |
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105 .IP |
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106 The transpose transformation has no restrictions regarding image dimensions. |
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107 The other transformations operate rather oddly if the image dimensions are not |
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108 a multiple of the iMCU size (usually 8 or 16 pixels), because they can only |
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109 transform complete blocks of DCT coefficient data in the desired way. |
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110 .IP |
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111 .BR jpegtran 's |
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112 default behavior when transforming an odd-size image is designed |
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113 to preserve exact reversibility and mathematical consistency of the |
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114 transformation set. As stated, transpose is able to flip the entire image |
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115 area. Horizontal mirroring leaves any partial iMCU column at the right edge |
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116 untouched, but is able to flip all rows of the image. Similarly, vertical |
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117 mirroring leaves any partial iMCU row at the bottom edge untouched, but is |
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118 able to flip all columns. The other transforms can be built up as sequences |
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119 of transpose and flip operations; for consistency, their actions on edge |
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120 pixels are defined to be the same as the end result of the corresponding |
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121 transpose-and-flip sequence. |
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122 .IP |
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123 For practical use, you may prefer to discard any untransformable edge pixels |
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124 rather than having a strange-looking strip along the right and/or bottom edges |
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125 of a transformed image. To do this, add the |
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126 .B \-trim |
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127 switch: |
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128 .TP |
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129 .B \-trim |
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130 Drop non-transformable edge blocks. |
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131 .IP |
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132 Obviously, a transformation with |
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133 .B \-trim |
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134 is not reversible, so strictly speaking |
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135 .B jpegtran |
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136 with this switch is not lossless. Also, the expected mathematical |
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137 equivalences between the transformations no longer hold. For example, |
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138 .B \-rot 270 -trim |
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139 trims only the bottom edge, but |
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140 .B \-rot 90 -trim |
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141 followed by |
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142 .B \-rot 180 -trim |
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143 trims both edges. |
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144 .IP |
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145 If you are only interested in perfect transformation, add the |
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146 .B \-perfect |
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147 switch: |
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148 .TP |
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149 .B \-perfect |
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150 Fails with an error if the transformation is not perfect. |
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151 .IP |
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152 For example you may want to do |
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153 .IP |
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154 .B (jpegtran \-rot 90 -perfect |
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155 .I foo.jpg |
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156 .B || djpeg |
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157 .I foo.jpg |
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158 .B | pnmflip \-r90 | cjpeg) |
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159 .IP |
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160 to do a perfect rotation if available or an approximated one if not. |
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161 .PP |
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162 We also offer a lossless-crop option, which discards data outside a given |
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163 image region but losslessly preserves what is inside. Like the rotate and |
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164 flip transforms, lossless crop is restricted by the current JPEG format: the |
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165 upper left corner of the selected region must fall on an iMCU boundary. If |
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166 this does not hold for the given crop parameters, we silently move the upper |
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167 left corner up and/or left to make it so, simultaneously increasing the |
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168 region dimensions to keep the lower right crop corner unchanged. (Thus, the |
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169 output image covers at least the requested region, but may cover more.) |
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170 The adjustment of the region dimensions may be optionally disabled by |
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171 attaching an 'f' character ("force") to the width or height number. |
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172 .PP |
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173 The image can be losslessly cropped by giving the switch: |
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174 .TP |
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175 .B \-crop WxH+X+Y |
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176 Crop to a rectangular subarea of width W, height H starting at point X,Y. |
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177 .PP |
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178 Crop extension: The width or height parameters can be made larger than the |
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179 source image. In this case the extra area is filled in with zero (neutral |
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180 gray). A larger width parameter has two more options: Attaching an 'f' |
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181 character ("flatten") to the width number will fill in the extra area with |
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182 the DC of the adjacent block, instead of gray out. Attaching an 'r' |
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183 character ("reflect") to the width number will fill in the extra area with |
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184 repeated reflections of the source region, instead of gray out. |
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185 .PP |
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186 A complementary lossless-wipe option is provided to discard (gray out) data |
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187 inside a given image region while losslessly preserving what is outside: |
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188 .TP |
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189 .B \-wipe WxH+X+Y |
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190 Wipe (gray out) a rectangular subarea of width W, height H starting at point |
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191 X,Y. |
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192 .PP |
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193 Attaching an 'f' character ("flatten") to the width number will fill the |
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194 region with the average of adjacent blocks, instead of gray out. In case |
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195 the wipe region and outside area form two horizontally adjacent rectangles, |
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196 attaching an 'r' character ("reflect") to the width number will fill the |
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197 region with repeated reflections of the outside area, instead of gray out. |
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198 .PP |
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199 Another option is lossless-drop, which replaces data at a given image |
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200 position by another image: |
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201 .TP |
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202 .B \-drop +X+Y filename |
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203 Drop another image |
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204 .PP |
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205 Both source images must have the same subsampling values. It is best if |
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206 they also have the same quantization, otherwise quantization adaption occurs. |
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207 The trim option can be used with the drop option to requantize the drop file |
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208 to the source file. |
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209 .PP |
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210 Other not-strictly-lossless transformation switches are: |
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211 .TP |
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212 .B \-grayscale |
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213 Force grayscale output. |
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214 .IP |
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215 This option discards the chrominance channels if the input image is YCbCr |
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216 (ie, a standard color JPEG), resulting in a grayscale JPEG file. The |
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217 luminance channel is preserved exactly, so this is a better method of reducing |
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218 to grayscale than decompression, conversion, and recompression. This switch |
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219 is particularly handy for fixing a monochrome picture that was mistakenly |
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220 encoded as a color JPEG. (In such a case, the space savings from getting rid |
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221 of the near-empty chroma channels won't be large; but the decoding time for |
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222 a grayscale JPEG is substantially less than that for a color JPEG.) |
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223 .TP |
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224 .BI \-scale " M/N" |
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225 Scale the output image by a factor M/N. |
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226 .IP |
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227 Currently supported scale factors are M/N with all M from 1 to 16, where N is |
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228 the source DCT size, which is 8 for baseline JPEG. If the /N part is omitted, |
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229 then M specifies the DCT scaled size to be applied on the given input. For |
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230 baseline JPEG this is equivalent to M/8 scaling, since the source DCT size |
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231 for baseline JPEG is 8. |
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232 .B Caution: |
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233 An implementation of the JPEG SmartScale extension is required for this |
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234 feature. SmartScale enabled JPEG is not yet widely implemented, so many |
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235 decoders will be unable to view a SmartScale extended JPEG file at all. |
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236 .PP |
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237 .B jpegtran |
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238 also recognizes these switches that control what to do with "extra" markers, |
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239 such as comment blocks: |
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240 .TP |
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241 .B \-copy none |
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242 Copy no extra markers from source file. This setting suppresses all |
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243 comments and other metadata in the source file. |
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244 .TP |
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245 .B \-copy comments |
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246 Copy only comment markers. This setting copies comments from the source file, |
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247 but discards any other metadata. |
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248 .TP |
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249 .B \-copy all |
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250 Copy all extra markers. This setting preserves metadata |
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251 found in the source file, such as JFIF thumbnails, Exif data, and Photoshop |
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252 settings. In some files these extra markers can be sizable. Note that this |
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253 option will copy thumbnails as-is; they will not be transformed. |
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254 .IP |
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255 The default behavior is |
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256 .BR "\-copy comments" . |
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257 (Note: in IJG releases v6 and v6a, |
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258 .B jpegtran |
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259 always did the equivalent of |
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260 .BR "\-copy none" .) |
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261 .PP |
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262 Additional switches recognized by jpegtran are: |
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263 .TP |
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264 .BI \-maxmemory " N" |
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265 Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing large images. Value is |
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266 in thousands of bytes, or millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the |
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267 number. For example, |
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268 .B \-max 4m |
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269 selects 4000000 bytes. If more space is needed, temporary files will be used. |
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270 .TP |
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271 .BI \-outfile " name" |
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272 Send output image to the named file, not to standard output. |
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273 .TP |
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274 .B \-verbose |
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275 Enable debug printout. More |
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276 .BR \-v 's |
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277 give more output. Also, version information is printed at startup. |
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278 .TP |
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279 .B \-debug |
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280 Same as |
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281 .BR \-verbose . |
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282 .SH EXAMPLES |
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283 .LP |
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284 This example converts a baseline JPEG file to progressive form: |
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285 .IP |
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286 .B jpegtran \-progressive |
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287 .I foo.jpg |
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288 .B > |
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289 .I fooprog.jpg |
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290 .PP |
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291 This example rotates an image 90 degrees clockwise, discarding any |
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292 unrotatable edge pixels: |
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293 .IP |
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294 .B jpegtran \-rot 90 -trim |
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295 .I foo.jpg |
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296 .B > |
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297 .I foo90.jpg |
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298 .SH ENVIRONMENT |
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299 .TP |
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300 .B JPEGMEM |
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301 If this environment variable is set, its value is the default memory limit. |
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302 The value is specified as described for the |
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303 .B \-maxmemory |
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304 switch. |
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305 .B JPEGMEM |
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306 overrides the default value specified when the program was compiled, and |
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307 itself is overridden by an explicit |
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308 .BR \-maxmemory . |
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309 .SH SEE ALSO |
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310 .BR cjpeg (1), |
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311 .BR djpeg (1), |
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312 .BR rdjpgcom (1), |
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313 .BR wrjpgcom (1) |
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314 .br |
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315 Wallace, Gregory K. "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard", |
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316 Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34, no. 4), pp. 30-44. |
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317 .SH AUTHOR |
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318 Independent JPEG Group |
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319 .SH BUGS |
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320 The transform options can't transform odd-size images perfectly. Use |
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321 .B \-trim |
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322 or |
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323 .B \-perfect |
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324 if you don't like the results. |
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325 .PP |
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326 The entire image is read into memory and then written out again, even in |
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327 cases where this isn't really necessary. Expect swapping on large images, |
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328 especially when using the more complex transform options. |
