Mercurial > hgrepos > Python2 > PyMuPDF

annotate mupdf-source/thirdparty/curl/docs/HTTP2.md @ 22:d77477b4e151

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Let _int_rc() also handle (i.e. ignore) a local version suffix
author Franz Glasner <fzglas.hg@dom66.de>
date Fri, 19 Sep 2025 12:05:57 +0200
parents b50eed0cc0ef
children
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1 HTTP/2 with curl
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2 ================
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4 [HTTP/2 Spec](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7540.txt)
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5 [http2 explained](https://daniel.haxx.se/http2/)
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7 Build prerequisites
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8 -------------------
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9 - nghttp2
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10 - OpenSSL, libressl, BoringSSL, NSS, GnutTLS, mbedTLS, wolfSSL or Schannel
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11 with a new enough version.
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13 [nghttp2](https://nghttp2.org/)
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14 -------------------------------
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16 libcurl uses this 3rd party library for the low level protocol handling
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17 parts. The reason for this is that HTTP/2 is much more complex at that layer
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18 than HTTP/1.1 (which we implement on our own) and that nghttp2 is an already
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19 existing and well functional library.
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21 We require at least version 1.0.0.
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23 Over an http:// URL
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24 -------------------
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26 If `CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION` is set to `CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0`, libcurl will
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27 include an upgrade header in the initial request to the host to allow
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28 upgrading to HTTP/2.
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30 Possibly we can later introduce an option that will cause libcurl to fail if
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31 not possible to upgrade. Possibly we introduce an option that makes libcurl
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32 use HTTP/2 at once over http://
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34 Over an https:// URL
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35 --------------------
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37 If `CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION` is set to `CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0`, libcurl will use
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38 ALPN (or NPN) to negotiate which protocol to continue with. Possibly introduce
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39 an option that will cause libcurl to fail if not possible to use HTTP/2.
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41 `CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2TLS` was added in 7.47.0 as a way to ask libcurl to prefer
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42 HTTP/2 for HTTPS but stick to 1.1 by default for plain old HTTP connections.
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44 ALPN is the TLS extension that HTTP/2 is expected to use. The NPN extension is
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45 for a similar purpose, was made prior to ALPN and is used for SPDY so early
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46 HTTP/2 servers are implemented using NPN before ALPN support is widespread.
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48 `CURLOPT_SSL_ENABLE_ALPN` and `CURLOPT_SSL_ENABLE_NPN` are offered to allow
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49 applications to explicitly disable ALPN or NPN.
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51 SSL libs
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52 --------
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54 The challenge is the ALPN and NPN support and all our different SSL
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55 backends. You may need a fairly updated SSL library version for it to provide
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56 the necessary TLS features. Right now we support:
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58 - OpenSSL: ALPN and NPN
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59 - libressl: ALPN and NPN
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60 - BoringSSL: ALPN and NPN
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61 - NSS: ALPN and NPN
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62 - GnuTLS: ALPN
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63 - mbedTLS: ALPN
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64 - Schannel: ALPN
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65 - wolfSSL: ALPN
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66 - Secure Transport: ALPN
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68 Multiplexing
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69 ------------
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71 Starting in 7.43.0, libcurl fully supports HTTP/2 multiplexing, which is the
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72 term for doing multiple independent transfers over the same physical TCP
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73 connection.
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75 To take advantage of multiplexing, you need to use the multi interface and set
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76 `CURLMOPT_PIPELINING` to `CURLPIPE_MULTIPLEX`. With that bit set, libcurl will
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77 attempt to re-use existing HTTP/2 connections and just add a new stream over
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78 that when doing subsequent parallel requests.
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80 While libcurl sets up a connection to a HTTP server there is a period during
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81 which it doesn't know if it can pipeline or do multiplexing and if you add new
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82 transfers in that period, libcurl will default to start new connections for
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83 those transfers. With the new option `CURLOPT_PIPEWAIT` (added in 7.43.0), you
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84 can ask that a transfer should rather wait and see in case there's a
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85 connection for the same host in progress that might end up being possible to
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86 multiplex on. It favours keeping the number of connections low to the cost of
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87 slightly longer time to first byte transferred.
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89 Applications
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90 ------------
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92 We hide HTTP/2's binary nature and convert received HTTP/2 traffic to headers
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93 in HTTP 1.1 style. This allows applications to work unmodified.
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95 curl tool
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96 ---------
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98 curl offers the `--http2` command line option to enable use of HTTP/2.
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99
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100 curl offers the `--http2-prior-knowledge` command line option to enable use of
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101 HTTP/2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade.
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102
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103 Since 7.47.0, the curl tool enables HTTP/2 by default for HTTPS connections.
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104
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105 curl tool limitations
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106 ---------------------
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107
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108 The command line tool won't do any HTTP/2 multiplexing even though libcurl
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109 supports it, simply because the curl tool is not written to take advantage of
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110 the libcurl API that's necessary for this (the multi interface). We have an
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111 outstanding TODO item for this and **you** can help us make it happen.
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112
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113 The command line tool also doesn't support HTTP/2 server push for the same
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114 reason it doesn't do multiplexing: it needs to use the multi interface for
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115 that so that multiplexing is supported.
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116
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117 HTTP Alternative Services
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118 -------------------------
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119
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120 Alt-Svc is an extension with a corresponding frame (ALTSVC) in HTTP/2 that
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121 tells the client about an alternative "route" to the same content for the same
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122 origin server that you get the response from. A browser or long-living client
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123 can use that hint to create a new connection asynchronously. For libcurl, we
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124 may introduce a way to bring such clues to the application and/or let a
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125 subsequent request use the alternate route automatically.
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126
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127 [Detailed in RFC 7838](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7838)